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Dylan Essex Block 2: Metabolism (Energy (Enzymes (How they work (Substrate…
Dylan Essex Block 2: Metabolism
Catabolism
Large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules, releasing energy
Yields ATP to be used by Anabolism
Energy
Levels of organization
Universe<solar system<...molecules
Thermodynamics
Types of energy
Potential
Elastic energy
Nuclear energy
Chemical Energy
Kinetic
Electrical energy
Mechanical energy
SOUND ENERGY
Second Law
An isolated system will increase in entropy, which is a measure of different ways in which the system can arrange itself , until thermodynamic equilibrium is reached.
A system is a defined part of the universe being studied
Open system exchanges both energy and matter (can resist entropy)
Closed system exchanges only energy(can resist entropy)
Isolated system exchanges nothing w environment
An isolated systems total energy is constant, but free energy changes
Organisms release energy in the form of heat
First Law
Energy is not created or destroyed, only transferred from one form to another
In biological systems, energy flows through trophic levels
Enzymes
How they work
Substrate enters active site
Enzyme lowers activation energy, catalyzing reactions
substrates are converted into products and released
Active site available
enzymes work optimally at different temperatures
enzymes work well at different pH
Enzyme regulation
Noncompetitive inhibition is when the inhibitor binds to a seperate allosteric site
Competitive inhibition is when the inhibitor competes with the substrates for the active site.
Feedback inhibition is when the products of a metabolic pathway are the inhibitor for one of the pathway's enzymes
ATP
Mechanical work (motor proteins)
Powers chemical work
Transport work via protein pumps
Limits to energy transfer
Producers can directly harness free energy via photosynthesis
Consumers cannot directly harness free energy
Heat and work energy
There is a change in energy when work is done and heat is lost
Gibbs free energy is change in chemical energy = change in total energy - temperature x change in degree of disorder
Exergonic (energy releasing) and endergonic (energy consuming) reactions both change the free energy , with endergonic increasing it and exergonic reducing it
Anabolism
Small molecules are assembled into larger ones, consuming energy
Uses ATP produced by Catabolism