Jialin_Yu_block4_MM5

stages

light dependent

Calvin cycle (non light dependent)

  • uses CO2 and turns it into sugars for autotrophs

steps

  1. Reduction phase
  • energy reacts with chemicals to create G3P (a simple sugar)
  1. Carbohydrate formation
    -carbohydrates, an important nutrient for most organisms
  1. CO2
  • using the chemical RuBP is attach to CO2 to start photosynthesis
  1. regeneration phase
    -energy and sugar react forming RuBP in order for the cycle to restart

important functions
-producing atop molecules
-plating water molecules

electron transport chain
-a serious of electron transfers through different proteins

oxidative phosphorylation
-powers metabolic process in the cell from ATP

path of electron flow through proteins:
H2O -->PSII-->PQ-->PC-->PSI-->FD-->FNR
.

proton pump

ATP synthase

proton gradient

an enzyme that generates ATP by converting the energy of protein

requires a proton gradient where the concentration of protons is higher in the thylakoid than the stroma

uses proteins to build the protein gradient

uses energy to transport protons

products of the electron transport chain

a higher concentration of protons than the stroma fro the protein gradient causing ATP synthesis

chemical formula

6CO2+12H2O --> C6H12O6+ 6O2

Chlorophyll and Photosystems
-an energy absorbing protein made of different pigments

photosystems 1 and 11
-absorbing units of chloroplasts

pigments

sequence of events

antenna pigments

  1. Xeacanthin
  1. B-carotene
  1. Lutein
  1. Lycopene
  1. Chlorophyll b
  1. Chlorophyll a

Anthocyanins
-red, purple, and blue pigments

Carotenoids
-a responsible for the yellow and orange color in leaves

chlorophyll
-responsible for the green color or plants and is responsible for chlorophyll

Tanin
-brown pigment that is always in leaves but isn't always

Chlorophyll (P700)

Leuitin

Xeaxanthin (P470)

B-carotene (P500)

lycopene

Takes place in chloroplasts

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stroma

ribosome

Thylakoid

chloroplast envelope

surrounds a thylakoid lumen (Space)

where photosynthetic pigments are embedded

a supportive framework for a cell

is a colorless fluid in chloroplasts

thylakoid space

the inside of the thylakoid

it is a substance called lumen

provides structure and helps build up concentration gradients of protons during photosynthesis

a particle of RNA and a protein

outer membrane
-permeable to small organic molecules

inner membrane
-isn't permeable to ions and metabolites

intermembrane space
where oxidative phosphorylation takes place