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Quach_Derek_Block4_MM4 (Levels of Organization (Organisms, Organ Systems,…
Quach_Derek_Block4_MM4
Levels of Organization
Organisms
Organ Systems
Populations
Organs
Communities
Tissue
Ecosystems
Cells
Biomes
Organelles
Biosphere
Molecules
Solar System
Universe
Laws of Thermodynamics
First Law
Energy can be transferred but never created or destroyed.
Relates to biological trophic levels
Second Law
Energy transfers lead to increased entropy
Relates to the entropy level of each biological system
Open System
Isolated System
Simple organic molecules cannot evolve
Lacks energy input to resist disorder (entropy)
Fast track to thermodynamic equilibrium
Closed System
Can resist the drive towards entropy if there is a net energy input from the surrounding
Types of Energy
Kinetic Energy
Energy of motion
Examples
Radiant Energy
Electrical Energy
Sound Energy
Thermal Energy
Mechanical Energy
Potential Energy
Stored energy
Examples
Gravitational Energy
Elastic Energy
Nuclear Energy
Chemical Energy
Enzyme Activity
Cofactors
Inorganic substances
Required for/or increase the rate of catalysis
Coenzymes
Organic substances
Required by certain enzymes to carry out catalysis
Lowers activation energy
Factors that affect enzyme activities
pH levels
Temperature
Types of Reactions
Endergonic
The change in entropy decreases
The free energy in the system increases
The change in the standard Gibbs Free Energy (G) of an endergonic reaction is positive (greater than 0)
Energy is absorbed from the surroundings
Non-spontaneous reaction
Exergonic
Energy is released into the surroundings
The free energy in the system decreases
The change in the standard Gibbs Free Energy (G) of an exergonic reaction is negative (less than 0)
Spontaneous reaction
The change in entropy increases
These two reactions are coupled
Both of them work together to benefit the biological system by:
Allows organisms to store energy and release it when needed
Keep molecules in a stable state
Metabolic Pathways
Anabolic
Energy is required
Smaller molecules are assembled into larger molecules
Catabolic
Energy is released
Large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules