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Digestive System (General Functions and structures (Breakdown food into…
Digestive System
General Functions and structures
Breakdown food into molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream
Eliminate that which cannot be broken down/absorbed
Accessory Digestive Organs: gall bladder, pancreas, salivary glands, liver
GI organs: oral cavity, stomach, small&large intestine,
Mechanical Digestion: break down into smaller pieces-> in mouth: teeth&tongue -> stomach: churning into chyme-> small intestine-> segmentation
Chemical Digestion-> mouth, salivary glands: enzymes-> stomach-> acids, enzymes-> small intestine-> enzymes and other substances
Peristalsis: moving/wave of contraction
Pathway: mouth->esophagus->stomach-> small intestine-> large intestine-> colon->anus
Peritoneum and mesenteries
Mesentary= double layer of peritoneum from body wall to digestive organs, holds organs into place, stores fat, location of blood/ vessels/ nerves
Mesentery proper: with jejunum and ileium
mesocolon: transverse colon and sigmoid colon (holding them in place)
Lesser omentum: encloses bile duct, hepatic artery, and portal vein
Greater omentum: migrate and surround an inflamed/ infected organ/part of organ
Intraperitoneal: liver, stomach, transverse colon, jejunum, ilium, sigmoid
Retroperitoneal: duodenum, pancreas, ascending and descending colon, rectum
Gross and Microscopic anatomy of small intestine
Mechanical Digestion-segmentation; chemical digestion:enzymes; absorption of nutrients
Circular folds: increase surface area
Villi & Microvilli: increase surface area
Duodenal glands: secrete alkaline mucus, neutralize acid in chyme
Intestinal glands: secrete watery substance
Peyer patches:abundance of lymphocytes
Ileocecal valve: prevent backflow of contents
Gross and Microscopic anatomy of stomach
Functions of stomach: storage, mechanical digestion;
Chief cells: secrete pepsinogen in presence of acid becomes pepsin; enzyme that breaks down proteins
parietal cells: hydrocholric acid, gastric intrinsic factor-> needed for absorption of vit B12-> which is needed for erythrocyte production;
Cardiac Sphincter
prevent back flow of stomach contents
Pyloric Sphincter
secrete pepsinogen in presence, of acid becomes pepsin, enzyme that breaks down proteins
significance of gastric folds: increasing capacity for storage
Gross and microscopic anatomy of large intestine, rectum, anal canal
large intestine: absorption of water and electrolytes
rectum: storage of feces- well developed muscle to expel feces
anal canal: glands that produce mucus for lubrication; location of internal/external sphincters
teniae coli: 3 longitudinal strip of muscle- create haustra
haustra- pouches of large intestine
epiploic appendages: pieces of fat- unknown function
Gross and Microscopic anatomy of accessory digestive organs
Functions of liver
filters toxins out of blood, digestive function= produce bile, store glucose as glycogen, processes amino acids and lipids, stores vitamins, makes blood proteins
function of gall bladder
store and concentrate bile
function of pancreatic acini
secrete 22+ enzymes that travels into main pancreatic duct; secrete bicarbonate- neutralize stomach acid