Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Central Nervous System (Spinal Cord (Cross Section (2 Spinal nerves extend…
Central Nervous System
Effects of Drugs
Drugs
Hallucinogens
What it is:
Drugs that cause hallucinations
Type of Drug:
Hallucinogen
How it is taken:
Mouth, snorting, smoking
Effects:
Distortions in perception of time and reality, mood swings, dilated pupils, high body temperature, Elevated heart rate, blood pressure. Sweating, no appetite, sleeplessness, dry mouth, tremors
Names known by:
Mushrooms: magic mushrooms, shrooms, caps, fungus
LSD: acid, dots, sugar
Mescaline: buttons, cactus
Heroine
What is it:
Derived from poppy plant
Type of Drug:
Opiate
How is it taken:
Injection, snorting, smoking
Effects:
Nausea, vomiting, severe itching, addiction, restlessness, muscle and bone pain, insomnia, diarrhea, cold flashes
Names known by:
Smack, H, skag, junk, black tar
GHB & Rohypnol
Names Known by
G, liquid ecstasy, Georgia Homeboy, soap, Vita-G/roofies, rophie ,Roche, forget me
How it is taken
by mouth
What it is
pill, class drug, tablet
Type of Drug
GHB: Depressant, Benzodiazepine
Effects
relaxing, muscle growth, seizures, loss of consciousness, coma, death, unable to resist an assault, no memory
Inhalants
What it is:
Chemicals that can be inhaled to get an immediate high
Type of drug:
Inhalent
How it is taken:
Sniffing fumes, spraying aerosols in nose or mouth, huffing from rag
Effects:
Permanent brain damage and sudden death
Names known by:
Glue, kick, bang, sniff, huff, poppers, whippets
Dissociative Drugs
Names known by
Ketamine: Special K, Vitamin K, K PCP: angel dust, wack, weet, embalming fluid, DXM, robo
How is it taken
Snorting, Mouth, Smoking
What it is
PCP:liquid or powder, DXM:cough suppressant
Type of Drug
anesthetic, stimulant, suppressant
Effects
PCP:disconnected from reality, out of control, unpredictability,violent behavior, convulsions, coma, high fever, death
Marijuana
What it is:
Plant called cannabis sativa, the hemp plant
Type of Drug:
Depressant
How it is taken:
Smoking, Pipe, Cigar
Effects:
Slow reaction time, impaired memory and attention span, coordination, and balance
Names known by:
Pot, kush, herb, weed, grass, widow, ganja, hash
Cocaine
Name known by
Coke, C, Snowflake, Crack, blow
What is it
a plant (coca plant)
How is it taken
Injecting, smoking, snorting
Type of Drug
Stimulant
Effects
Increased energy,decreased appetite, mental alertness, addiction, disturbed heart rhythm, nausea, respiratory failure, strokes, seizures
MDMA
What it is:
3-4 Methylenedioxymethamphetamine
Type of Drug:
Stimulant, Hallucinogen
How it is taken:
Mouth
Effects:
Chills, muscle cramping, involuntary teeth clenching, reductions in mental abilities, panic attacks, unconsciousness, seizures, dehydration, hyperthermia, heart and kidney failure
Names known by:
Ecstasy, E, X, XTC, Adam, hug, love drug, roll
Anabolic Steroids
Names known by
Juice, pumpers, stackers, gym candy, roids, Arnold's, steroids
How is it taken
By mouth or injection
What it is
Man made substance that are similar to make sex hormones
Type of Drug
Enhancer?
Effects
Increase risk of heart attacks, strokes, and other problems , Hair loss, Acne, psychological dependants
Methamphetamine
What it is:
Stimulant drug
Type of drug:
Stimulant
How it is taken:
Mouth, snorting, smoking, injection
Effects:
Mental alertness, increased energy, high body temp., Convulsions, addiction, violentness, anxiety, insomnia, paranoia, delusions, psychological dependency
Names known by:
Speed, meth,chalk, ice, crystal, crank, glass
Alcohol
Names known by:
Beer, Whiskey, Vodka, Wine, Liquor, Rum, Gin
How is it taken
By Drinking
What is it
Ethyl Alcohol in many beverages
Type of Drug
Depressant
Effects
loss of consciousness, calming/drowsing effect,nausea,vomiting,lack of control,loss of motor coordination, impaired reasoning,balance,speech, reaction to time and judgment
Nicotine
Names known by
Chewing Tobacco, Pipe Tobacco, Cigarettes, Cigars, Snuff
How it is taken:
Smoking, Chewing, Dipping
What it is:
Addictive Substance
Type of Drug
Stimulant, sedative
Effects
Intense cravings, irritability, sleep disturbances, Cancer of: lung, mouth throat, esophagus, stomach, bladder, kidney, heart disease, stroke, emphysema, chronic bronchitis
Neurons
Nerve tissue are made up of neuron(nerve cell) and Neuroglia
Made of:
Cell Body
Contains nucleus an other organelles
Dendrites
Receiving portions, short, tapered and highly branched
Axons
Start as a single fiber, but may give off branches called Collateral Axon
Axon and Collaterals end in axon terminals which end in synaptic end bulbs
End bulbs contain synaptic vesicles that contain neurotransmitters(chemical messengers)
Classification of Neuron
Multipolar
Several Dendrites and one axon
Neurons of CNS are mostly this type
Bipolar
One main Dendrite and one Axon
Usually found in special sense organs
Unipolar
Just one process, and are always in sensory neurons
Axon Terminals are in CNS and cell bodies in Ganglia
Functional Classification
Sensory or Afferent Neurons
Transmit sensory impulses(toward CNS)
Have specialized receptor ends at tips of dendrites are in contact with specialized receptor cells in skin or sense organs
Most are Unipolar, some are Bipolar
Motor or Efferent Neurons
Transmit motor nerve impulses from CNS to effectors
Interneurons
Multipolar neurons in CNS that form links between other neurons
Action Potential
Nerve impulse is transmitted during action potential
Strong enough stimulation or nerve impulse causes Na+ gates to open
Na+ rush into cell causing depolarization(membrane potential goes toward 0V or unpolarized, and momentarily becomes positively charged)
If a strong enough depolarization occurs, threshold potential is readied(+30) and impulse is sent down axon
K+ rush out of neuron after Na+ rushed in, which causes a repolarization of the membrane back to resting potential
The Brain
4 Main Parts of the Brain
Diencephalon
Superior to brain stem
Surrounded by Cerebrum
Made of:
Hypothalamus
Under the Thalamus
Controls regulation eating and drinking
Controls body temperature
Regulation of consciousness, emotions, behavior and circadian rhythms
Thalamus
Relay Station for sensory impulses to Cerebral Cortex
Plays role in emotions, memory, awareness, and cognition
Surrounded by 3rd Ventricle
Limbic System
Emotional aspects of behavior and aids in memory, the pleasure center
Pituitary Gland
Hangs down anterior portion of the Hypothalamus
Brain Stem
Made of:
Pons
Connects Spinal Cord with brain and links parts of brain with one another by way of tracts(nerve fibers within the CNS)
Aids in control of breathing
Midbrain
Medulla Oblongata
Regulates:
Cardiac Center
Heart Rate
Vasomotor Center
Constricts blood vessels
Respiratory Center
Rate and depth of breathing
Other centers coordinates
Swallowing
Vomiting
Coughing
Sneezing
Hiccuping
Cerebral Peduncle
"Little feet of Cerebrum"
Corpora Quadrigemina
Reflex center for movement in response to sound and visual stimuli
Reticular Formation
Responsible for maintaining consciousness and awakening from sleep
Cerebrum
Largest portion
Longitudinal Fissure
Separates brain into right and left hemispheres
Corpus Callosum
Connects both Hemispheres
Cerebral Cortex
Contains cell bodies of 75% of all neurons in the nervous system
Dark outer area consists of gray matter
Divided into 4 Lobes
Frontal
Primary Motor Cortex
In front of Central Sulcus in Precentral Gyrus
Controls voluntary actions of specific muscles of groups of muscles on the opposite side of body
Broca's Area
Coordinates muscle movements for speech
Association Areas
Concerned with more complex integrative functions such as
Judgement
Emotions
Will
Intelligence
Reasoning
Memory
Language Comprehension
Forehead
Parietal
Primary Somatosensory Cortex
Behind Central Sulcus in Post Central Gyrus
Receives impulses for
Touch
Pain
Temperature
Proprioception
Top Sides
Temporal
Olfactory Area
Smell
Auditory Area
Hearing
Above Ears
Occipital
Visual Recognition
Visual Area
Vision
Back
Lateral Fissure divides temporal lobe from Frontal and Parietal lobes
Central Sulcus divides Frontal and Parietal lobes
No distinct boundary between Parietal and Occipital lobes
Transverse Fissure
Separates Cerebrum and Cerebellum
White matter of brain lies under cortex and makes up bulk of cerebrum
Contain Tracts(Nerve fibers within the CNS) inside gray matter
Cerebellum
"Little Brain"
White matter tracts are called "arbor vitae" tree of life
Coordination
Balance
Posture
Damage would show loss of muscle tone and inaccurate movements
Vermis
"Worm-shaped" structure between the Cerebellar hempispheres
Cerebellar Penduncles
Connects Cerebellum to other parts of brain
Is protected by:
Bone
Cranium
Meninges
3 Connective tissue layers
Arachnoid Mater
Spiderweb-like collagen and elastic fiber
Thin membrane that lacks blood vessels
"Spiderweb" Middle
Subdural Space
Fluid filled area between dura and subarachnoid maters
Pia Mater
Innermost, nearly transparent layer
Has many nerves and blood vessels
Follows contours of the brain and spinal cord
Subarachnoid Space
Area between arachnoid and pia mater filled with Cerebrospinal Fluid(CSF)
CSF:
Cushions
Nourishes brain and Spinal Cord
Protects
Formed by Choroid Plexus of brain
Ependymal Cells form a blood-CSF barrier
1 more item...
CSF flows in Subarachnoid Space and in 4 ventricles
Cerebral Aqueduct
1 more item...
Dura Mater
Outermost layer
Dense, irregular C.T. with many blood vessels and nerves
Attached to Periosteum
Meningitis
Inflammation of Meninges
Gyri
(Gyrus)Convolutions(bumps)
Fissures
Deeper Grooves
Sulci
(Sulcus)grooves
Vermis
A narrow worm shaped structure in between both sides of Cerebellum
Functions of the Nervous System
Integrative Function
Analyzes sensory information
Stores some aspects
Makes decisions regarding appropriate behavior
Motor Function
May respond to stimuli by initiating muscular contractions or glandular secretions
These muscles or glands are called effectors
Sensory Function
Detects changes(stimuli) within and outside of the body
Divisions of the Nervous System
Central Nervous System
Consists of brain and spinal cord
Memories are formed and stored
Thoughts and emotions are generated
Information is integrated
Most nerve impulses that influence effector organs begin in CNS
Peripheral Nervous System
Consists of cranial and spinal nerves
Sensory/afferent neurons
Carry information from body toward CNS
Motor/efferent neurons
Carry instructions away from CNS to target or efferent organs of body
Somatic Nervous System(SNS)
Brings info from skin, special senses, body wall, and limbs to CNS, and motor neurons to skeletal muscles
Voluntary portion of PNS
Autonomic Nervous System
Brings information from receptors in internal organs to CNS and motor neurons to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands
Responses are involuntary
Sympathetic Nervous System
"Fight or Flight"
Emergency or non-normal situations
Parasympathetic Nervous System
"Feed and Breed"
Normal everyday situations
Most organs receive input from both divisions
Spinal Cord
Connection between the brain and brainstem to the rest of the body
Extends from Medulla Oblongata and ends at second Lumbar(L2) vertebra in adults
31 pairs of Spinal Nerves
Conus Medularis
End of Cord
Two Enlargements:
Cervical Enlargement
C4-T1
Nerves to and from upper limbs
Lumbar Enlargement:
Nerves to and from lower limbs
T9-T12
Cauda Equina
"Horse's Tail"
After conus medularis, spinal cord divides into nerves that leave at lower levels
Cross Section
Anterior Median Fissure(deeper)
Posterior Median Sulcus
Gray matter(unmyelinated) forma an "H" in center
Gray commissure where fibers cross from side to side
2 Spinal nerves extend out from the spinal cord
Dorsal Root(back)
Ventral Root(front)
Two nerve roots join to become the 31 pairs of spinal nerves