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Nervous System by: Loraene Lozano (Cranial nerves (Olfactory nerve…
Nervous System by: Loraene Lozano
Major functions of the
nervous system
Receiving input, control center, controlling the skeletal, cardiac, smooth muscle and motor output, central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
Major divisions and subdivisions of the nervous system
Central nervous system
Brain and spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system
somatic nervous system
Contains nerves that carries sensory signal from the body to the muscles.
autonomic nervous system
Involuntary, Regulate internal environment of the body
Major part of the brain and
their functions
Cerebrum
Interprets touch, vision, and hearing
Cerebellum
body posture, muscle movements, and balance
Brain stem
Heart rate, body temperature, breathing, sleep schedule, digestion, swallowing
Names of all the lobes and their functions
Frontal lobe
Problem solving, memory,language,judgement, impulse control, and social interaction
Temporal lobe
hearing and selective listening
Parietal lobe
Divided into 2 hemispheres so the first function is processing sensory information to location of body parts and the second is visual information and processing language and math
Occipital lobe
Able to see
layers of the meninges
Dura mater
strongest layer where it surrounds the brain
Arachnoid mater
Forms a loose covering which never clips into the sulci at cerebral surface. The blood vessels are poorly protected.
Pia mater
Contains many tiny blood vessels and it is the only one that clings tightly to the brain
Spaces &
ventricles
2 Lateral
are structures within the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid. The fluid provides cushion for the brain
Third
Helps communicate with the fourth ventricle
Fourth
to protect the human brain from trauma
Classification of neurons
sensory (afferent)
converting external stimuli from the organism's environment into internal electrical impulses.
Somatic Motor (efferent)
carry impulses to the brain and the spinal cord. After a signal is sent back to the skeletal muscles, organs,
Visceral motor (efferent)
conduct impulses to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, & glands.
Tissues (structure & function of a neuron)
A neuron is to transmit information to other nerve cells, muscle, or gland cells. The structure is dendrites, soma and axon
Major parts and
functions of the spinal cord
The functions of the spinal cord is to relay messages to different parts of the body, pass messages from sensory receptors, and to coordinated reflexes that don't go through to the body.
Major parts
Cervical spine: 7 vertebrae
Thoracic spine: 12 vertebrae
Lumbar spine: 5 vertebrae
Sacrum: 5 (fused) vertebrae
Coccyx: 4 vertebrae (Tailbone)
Action potential
Are brief long-distance within a neuron. A brief reversal of membrane potential with a total amplitude of about 100mV. No voltages gated channels means no AP
Drugs that affect the brain
Heroine
Inhibitory transmitters shut down which is released opiate receptors. It mimics opiates and binds opiate receptors.
Ecstasy
Ecstasy mimics serotonin and is taken up by transporters. It confuses the transporters and does things in reverse
Marijuana
Titus mimics anadamine ans binds to canndinoid receptors. Turns off 2 dopamine and it is allowed to squirt in synapse
Methamphetamine
Enters dopamine vesicles and forces out dopamine. It causes transporters to work in reverse.
Alcohol
Enters brain and delivers double of sedative. Binds to gulamate receptors preventing from exciting cells.
Cocaine
Blocks transporters leaving dopamine trapped in synaptic cleft
LSD
Chemically resembles serotonin and elictics its effect by binding its sutotonin receptors
Diseases associated with the brain
Alzheimer's
Progressive degenerative disease which ultimately result in dementia Memory loss, shortened attention, language loss and over time moody and confused
Parkinson's
Results from a degeneration of dopamine releasing neurons of substania nigria. Deep brain stimulation shuts down abnormal brain activity and alleviate tremmer.
Huntington's
Fatal hereditary disorder. Mutant Huntington protein accumulates in brain cells and tissue dies, leading to degeneration of basal nuclei.
Major nerves of the body
autonomic nerves
Regulate activity in the heart muscle, smooth muscle, and glands. Has 2 subdivisions which sympathetic nerves that involves with the speed of the heart rate and parasympathetic which involves regulation of digestion.
Sensory nerves
Collect information on pain,temperature, and pressure.
Cranial nerves
There is 12 pairs that are associated with the brain. two are attached to the fore brain and the rest are attached tot he brain stem.
Cranial nerves
Olfactory nerve
sensory nerves of smell
Optic nerve
Pass through optic canals, coverage, and partially crosses over at optic chiasma
Oculmotor nerve
Extend from ventral midbrain through superior orbital fissures
Trochlear nerves
Fibers from dorsal midbrain enters superior orbital fissures
Trigeminal nerves
extend to pons to face
Abducens Nerves
Innervating lateral rectus muscle
Factal nerves
Fibers from pons travel through internal acoustic meatuses and emerges through stylomastiod foramina
Vestibulocochlear nerves
Hearing receptors and equilibrium receptor pass from inner ear through internal acoustic
Glossopharyngeal nerves
Fibers from medulla leave skull via junglar foramen and run to throat
Vagus Nerve
Only cranial nerves extend beyond head and neck region
Accessory Nerve
From ventral rootlets from C1 to C5 region of spinal cord
Hypoglossal nerve
Fibers from medulla exit skull via hypoglossal canal
Spinal nerves
Cervical nerves
8 pairs (C1-C8)
Lumbar nerves
5 pairs (L1-L5)
thoracic nerves
12 pairs (T1-T12)
sacral nerves
5 pairs (S1-S5)
Coccygeal nerve
1 pair (C0 )
anatomy of the spinal cord
Spinal cord is in the vertebral canal. Which is formed by 12 pairs of thoracic, 7 cervical, 5 lumbar and 5 sacral vertebrae.
Coverings
Dura mater
Outter layer
Pia mater
first layer
Archnoid mater
second layer
Neurotransmitters
dopamine
behavior and learning
serotonin
mood
acetylcholine
attention
norepinephrine
vigilance
histamine
sleep/wake
Compare & contrast the autonomic and somatic nervous system
The somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system are both part of the peripheral nervous system. The somatic nervous system is associated with the voluntary movement and autonomic is to control visceral functions.
reflex arc.
the sensory neuron sends a signal to the inner neuron and activates it, motor neurons run out of the spinal cord and connect with a muscle.