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Modules 16-21 (Module 20: Hearing ((sensorineural hearing loss (hearing…

- - - - hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves
    - - a less common form of hearing loss, caused by the damage to the mechanical system, that conducts sound waves to the cochlea
    - - the innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs
    - - a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea
    - - a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear
    - - in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated
    - - the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window
    - - the sense or act of hearing
    - - a tone's experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency
    - - in hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch
    - - the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time
- - - - the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system and receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment.
    - - sensory nerve endings that respond to stimuli
    - - the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events
    - - analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information
    - - information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing in our experience and expectations
    - - the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
    - - failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere
    - - failing to notice changes in the environment; a form of inattentional blindness
    - - conversion of one form of energy to another.
    - - the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them
    - - the minimum stimulus energy needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time
    - - a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus amid background stimulation
    - - below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness
    - - the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time
    - - the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response
    - - the principle that to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage
    - - diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation
- - - - the controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input; includes telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition
    - - the study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis
    - - a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another
- - - - our movement sense--our system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts
    - - our sense of body movement and position that enables our sense of balance
    - - the sense of smell
    - - the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste
    - - the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass onto the brain
    - - the influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgements
- - - - a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals
    - - a depth cue, such as retinal disparity, that depends on the use of two eyes
    - - the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional
    - - a binocular cue for perceiving depth. by comparing retinal images from the two eyes, the brain computes distance--the greater the disparity between the two images, the closer the object
    - - the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups
    - - a depth cue, such as interposition or linear perspective, available to either eye alone
    - - the organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings
    - - an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession
    - - an organized whole
    - - perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images change
- - - - the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina
    - - retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray, and are sensitive to movement
    - - the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information
    - - retinal receptors that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or well-lit conditions
    - - the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina
    - - the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain
    - - a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening
    - - the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a "blind spot" because no receptor cells are located there
    - - the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters
    - - the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster
    - - the eye's clear, protective outer layer, covering the pupil and iris
    - - the amount of energy in a light wave or sound wave, which influences what we perceive as brightness or loudness
    - - nerve cells in the brain's visual cortex that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement
    - - the dimension of color that is determined by wavelength of light
    - - the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next
    - - processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously