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Cognitive Psychology (Memory (ENCODING
~ process of placing infomation…
Cognitive Psychology
Memory
SENSORY MEMORY
~ hold information
~ to be selected for further processing in working memory
~ capacity is large
- visual sencory memory
~ iconic memory
~ see that persists even after stimulus has terminated
- auditory sensory memory
~ echoic memory
SHORT TERM MEMORY
~ receive input from sensory memory and long term memory
~ capacity is limited
~ retain information for 30 seconds
~ 7+-2 chunks
~ system manipulates information as it is being stored and use to perform various task
~
LONG TERM MEMORY
~ place for storing large amount of information for indefinite period of times
~ capacity is unlimited
~ word memory / mathematics / family member etc
~ encoding = STM TO LTM
- ENCODING
~ process of placing infomation into LTM
- REHEARSAL
~ repeat infomation over and over again
~ to maintain for some period of time
ELABORATIVE REHEARSAL
~ the process of relating incoming infomation to concept and idea
~ connectinf new material and idea that already in mind
~ question asking and aswering
~ cognitive map
-
RETRIEVAL
~ recall + recognition
~ recal : stored infomation without cues or hint to remember
~ recognition : involves a set of pregenerated stimuli for a decision or judgement
Concept and Categories
~represent knowledge about the world
~concept = a mentel representation of a category
~store in long term memory
~innate in human
~ 3 theoretical approaches
- feature approach
- exemplar approach
- prototype approach
-
Exemplar approach
~ store example of category member
~ compare against example
~ compare in term of similarity and prototype
~based on average type
~ fast process
Prototype approach
~ compare it with prototype represent
~ based on approximate
~ similarity of an example encountered to prototype stored in our mind
- basic
- superordinate
- subordinate
Categories loss
~ cannot recognize and describe animate or inanimate object
~ injury
- Agnosia
~ specific recognition deficit ( can perceive but cannot identify)
- Prosopagnosia
~ loss ability to categories or recognise faces
Mental Representation
- visual
~ representation of concept
- verbal
~ meaning based
Representation of proposition
~ expression of relationship between concept
~ proposition are comprised of meaningful concept rather than precise language
~ need not to be stored in particular language
~ meaning and linking are stored in propositional network
represented by nodes
~ theory of spreading activation
Theory of spresding activation
~ explain how human retrive memories
~ long term memory contain interconnection
~ node is being activated
~ activation continues as long as the node in use
~ activation decrease over time when other activity intervenes
~ the greater the distance between item and the weaker the spread
~ supported by neuroscientific evidence
The notion of scripts
~ provide underlying mental framework for procedural knowledge
~ follow script in order to move from one task to another
Metal Imagery
~ stimuli are not physically present
- memory retrieval
- problem solving
- producing description
- mental practise
- motivational states
- daydreaming association
Problem solving
~ initial state + steps = final state
~ type of problem
- comprehension problem
- transformation problem
- arrangement problem
problem solving process
- identifying problem
- representing the problem
- selecting an appropriate strategy
- implementing
- evaluating
Characteristic of expert
~ excel in their domain
~ process infomation in large units
~ faster than novices
~ hold more information in short term memory and long term memory
~ represent problem at a deeper level
~ spend more time on analyzing problem
~ better monitor their performance