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Sexuality (research (Studies suggest (Weeks 1991) that homosexual…
Sexuality
research
Studies suggest (Weeks 1991) that homosexual behaviour does not automatically lead to homosexual identity
Reiss’ 1961 study found that young male prostitutes - ‘rent boys’ did not identify as homosexual even though they had sex with men for money, and they actively despised them as a way of neutralising their behaviour
Rich 1980 argues that women’s sexuality is oppressed by men through institutions such as marriage, sexual violence and rape and the sexual objectification of women
McIntosh (1996) argued that in western cultures, the role of the homosexual male involves certain expectations or cultural characteristics
E.g the homosexual role may include effeminate mannerisms, higher voice and attention to appearance
expectations
Plummer (1996) partially supports McIntosh’ ideas, seeing homosexuality as a process and discussing the ‘homosexual career’ where a male who has accepted the label of homosexual will seek out others to join a subculture in which stereotypical homosexual characteristics become the norm
agents of socialisation
Family - say things like 'he'll be a ladies man' and encourage children to have boyfriends and girlfriends
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Religion - secondary socialisation attitudes influenced by religious beliefs can lead sanctions which can create a negative homosexual identity. E.g condemn it as wrong/not allowing same sex marriage. For female sexuality, religious ideas can be used to police female sexual behaviour
Media- agent of secondary socialisation - in the past some very negative images of homosexuals were presented in the media. Emphasis in themedia of heterosexual ideals. also objectification of females (Mulvey) of the 'male gaze' how the camera eyes up females, encouraging the viewer to sexually assess the female character. Emphasis on hegemonic masculinity
Peers - secondary - 2013 Stonewall report found that 55% of LGB young people experience homophobic bullying at school and hear homophobic language on a daily basis. Sue Lees looked at the pressure put on females by their peers and double standards apllied to girls and buys sexual behaviour - term slag/slut used to control female behaviour
Counter argument
Some people are part of the gay community and identify as gay but do not participate in sexual encounters but some people participate in gay sexual encounters but do not identify as gay
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Cited evidence of married men who see themselves as ‘straight’ but still admit attraction to males, but do not exhibit any other signs of homosexuality but males who were ‘out’ did fulfil the expectations
It is not sexual attraction that creates a ‘homosexual’ but the acceptance and internalisation of the identity
In the UK attitudes to homosexuality have changed dramatically - homosexuality is no longer a condition, it’s unlawful to discriminate against anyone on the grounds of sexuality
types of culture
Historically relative: attitudes have changed, in a number of countries, over time
Culturally relative: in some cultures discrimination against people who are gay is still very evident
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