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digestive system (anatomy of small intestines (gross (ileum last portion,…

- - - - laterally, attached to pancreas and common bile duct
      - joins stomach via pyloric sphincter
    - - laterally, attached to proper mesentery
    - - laterally, attached to proper mesentery
      - joins large intestine at ileocecal junction
      - ileum contents enter large intestine via ileocecal valve in the cecum
  - - - mucus
        
        wall protection
      - alkaline
        
        to neutralize acid from stomach
    - - watery intestinal juice
        
        neutralize hydrochloric acid & aid in digestion
    - - for immune system
  - - - slow down movements & increase surface area for absorption.
- - - - mouth, oropharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus
      - continuous tube with two openings: the mouth and the anus.
    - - liver
      - pancreas
      - salivary gland
      - gall bladder
  - - - stomach(churning process)
      - small intestine
        
        food mixing (segmentation movement)
      - teeth
    - - mouth
      - small intestine
      - stomach
    - - peristalsis movement forward movement through large intestines
- - - - regulate amount of chyme moving into small intestines
    - - prevent reflex of acid into esophagus
    - - folds in the inside to increase surface area for storage
        
        has mucosa layer for protection
        
        increase storage capacity
    - - attached to greater omentum
    - - attached to lesser omentum
    - - mechanical digestion
        
        churning
      - chemical digestion
        
        addition of enzymes and chemical (eg HCl)
    - - circular layer
      - oblique layer
      - muscular externa longitudinal layer
  - - - parietal cells/glands
        
        HCl
        
        intrinsic factors
        
        absorption of vitamin B12
        
        produces erythrocytes
      - chief cells/glands secretes
        
        acid eg HCl
        
        pepsinogen
        
        pepsin enzyme breaks down protein
- - - - jejunum
      - ileum
      - stomach
      - sigmoid colon
      - liver
      - transverse colon
    - - ascending colon
      - descending colon
      - pancreas
      - rectum
      - duodenum
      - kidney
  - - - attached to transverse colon & sigmoid colon
    - - attached at greater curvature and to left side of large & small intestines
      - ability to wrap around an infected organ
        
        eg appendix
    - - attached to jejunum and ileum
    - - attached to cardiac region and liver
- - - - rectum( terminal part of G I T)
        
        connects to the anus
        
        temporary storehouse for feces
        
        has well developed muscle to expel feces
      - anal canal
        
        surrounded by internal and external anal sphincters,
        
        internal anal sphincters,
        
        inner (involuntary) smooth muscles
        
        external anal sphincters
        
        (outer) voluntary skeletal muscles
        
        function
        
        transmit fecal matter outside of body
        
        has mucus glands for lubrication
      - large intestine
        
        transverse colon
        
        attached to greater omentum & transverse mesocolon
        
        descending colon
        
        ascending colon
        
        start at cecum
        
        appendix hollow tube that is closed at one end and is attached at the other end to the cecum
        
        ileocecal valve in cecum prevent back flow of contents
        
        sigmoid colon(s-shaped region)
        
        attached to sigmoid mesocolon
      - others features & functions
        
        haustra
        
        extensions formed by protruding colon walls
        
        epiploic appendages
        
        small fat filled pouches hang on colon surface
        
        tenia coli
        
        longitudinal 3 band muscle layer
        
        contract causing colon to protrude out
- - - - stores and concentrates bile
      - produce & secrete 22 + enzymes
        
        enter duodenum via duct
      - produce bicarbonate(alkaline)
        
        neutralize stomach acid
    - - secretion digestive enzymes
        
        to duodenum via pancreatic duct
    - - general functions
        
        make blood protein (globulin, fibrinogen, & albumin)
        
        stores some vitamins
        
        process fats and amino acids
        
        store glucose as glycogen
        
        filter toxins out of blood e.g alcohol, iboprofen
        
        making bile- that emulsify fats
      - blood circulation
        
        hepatic circulation
        
        heart
        
        hepatic artery
        
        capillaries of liver ( filters harmful toxins )
        
        hepartic vein
        
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        hepatic portal circulation
        
        heart
        
        digestive tract arteries
        
        capillaries of digestive tract ( stomach, intestine, pancreas & spleen).
        
        hepatic portal vein (contains most nutrients)
        
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