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GCSE biology (Topic 1- Cell Biology (The Cell cycle (4.. Mitosis (The DNA…

- - - - contains cell sap
        
        a weak solution of sugar and salts
    - - where photosynthesis occurs
    - - strengthens the cell
  - - - contains genetic material
      - controls the cell
    - - where aerobic respiration takes place
    - - contains enzymes
      - where chemical reactions take place
    - - protein synthesis
      - where the proteins are made
    - - holds the cell together
      - controls what goes in and out
  - - - acts as a nucleus
    - - helps the cell move
  - - - A, C, G & T
        
        cytosine
        
        guanine
        
        adenine
        
        thymine
  - - - XX- Female chromosome
      - XY- Male chromosome
  - - - asexual reproduction
      - produces identical cells
      - used for growth and repair of cells
      - The DNA is doubled and the cell enlarges
        
        the membrane around the nucleus dissolves
        
        The chromosomes line up on the spindle fibres
        
        The spindles break and pull the chromosomes apart
        
        New nuclei form
        
        The cell splits
    - - growth
      - replace dead cells
      - repair
      - they get worn out
  - - - no energy needed
        
        passive
      - high to low concentration gradient
      - diffusion of water cells
      - turgid- watered
      - flacid- dehydrated
        
        plasmolysis
    - - no energy needed
      - no membrane needed
      - used for
        
        food
        
        oxygen
        
        any non-water particle (see osmosis)
      - doesn't require energy
      - high to low concentration
      - factors that affect diffusion rates
        
        surface area
        
        gradient
        
        distance
    - - requires energy
      - moves from low to high concentration gradient
      - semi-permeable membrane
  - - - with a nucleus
      - animal cells
      - plant cells