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Protozoa (Malaria (P.falciparum (Most severe form of malaria, causes most…
Protozoa
Malaria
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Increasing resistance of parasite to antimalarials and increased resistance of mosquito to insecticides
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Mosquito is the vector. Mosquito is infected for life after eating gametocytes (sexual form of parasite)
Clinical features: Fever, chills, sweats, headache, myalgia, fatigue, nausea, diarrhoea
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P.falciparum
Most severe form of malaria, causes most deaths
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RBC with schizonts adhere to capillaries in brain, kidneys, gut, liver and obstruct circulation. Schizonts rupture releasing toxins causing further cytokine release
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Causes cerebral malaria due to reduced perfusion caused by the schizonts. Presents with coma, confusion, convulsions
Treat with IV artesunate, IV quinine or oral riamet
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Pathogenesis: Anaemia. This is caused by haemolysis of infected and non-infected RBC, splenomegaly and folate depletion. Cytokine release contributes to pathology. In the case of P.falciparum, there is widespread organ damage due to impaired microcirculation
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LIFE CYCLE: Sporozites in mosquito > multiply inside human hepatocytes as merozites > hepatocytes rupture so merozites enter RBC > Merozites multiply to trophozoites > These develop into schizonts > New merozoites
Thick film indicates if malaria is present. Thin film identifies type of malaria and parasite count (>2% is severe).
Sickle cell gene protects against malaria due to G6PD deficiency which destroys RBC so parasite cannot survive
Characteristics
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Consume bacteria, algae and microfungi by phagocytosis
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Giardia Lamblia
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Causes diarrhoea, cramps, bloating
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African Trypanosomiasis
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CNS involvement: personality change, confusion, coma
Amoebae
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Causes dystentry, colitis, liver + lung abscesses
Sporozoa
Crytopsporidiosis
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Causes diarrhoea, vomiting, fever, weight loss
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