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ADVERB heterogeneous (classification by Russian linguists) (QUALITATIVE,…
ADVERB
heterogeneous
(classification by Russian linguists)
CIRCUMSTANTIONAL
Meaning
: various circumstances attending an action
Combinability with:
notional verbs: How long have you lived here?
the copular verb be: They're, here!
nouns: the meeting yesterday
adverbs: Come and sit over here!; far beyond
prepositions: She lives a few miles from here.
prepositional combinations
Syntactic functions
an adverbial
: Come here
a situational modifier
: He opened the door.
Now the noise was very loud.
a predicative
We're nearly there.
attribute:
We shall need outside help for this
job.
Morphological structure
simple: now, then, soon
compound: sometimes, somewhere, everywhere,
derived: backward(s),forward(s)
adverb equivalents:
on purpose, at last, from time to time
Morphological categories
invariable
Degrees of comparison
(often, soon, and late)
SEMANTIC CATEGORIES covered by adverbs:
place
time
manner
degree
additive adverbs (too, also)
stance adverbs (probably)
linking adverbs
QUALITATIVE
Meaning
non-temporal property of other
properties
Combinability
with:
Verbs - deeply regret
Adjectives -very good
Adverbs - very well
Syntactic function
:an adverbial of manner: The children were playing happily.
Morphological structure
SIMPLE (are very few): well, hard, fast, etc.
Derived: adjectives + -ly (OE -lic): calm—calmly
friendly, lively, lovely, lonely have no
corresponding adverbs
adverbial meaning: in a friendly
way
same root
+ly = more abstract
(She speaks very highly of your
work.)
without -ly = more concrete
(She threw the ball high into the
air.)
Morphological categories
Degrees of comparison
fast-—faster—fastest
clearly—more clearly—most clearly
DEGREES OF COMPARISON
s
imple adverbs -er / -est:
late — later— latest
positive and comparative
derived adverbs in -ly
> more and most: carefully—more carefully — most carefully
EXCEPTION
! early—earlier—earliest