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PARTS OF SPEECH: Criteria For Classification (SYNTACTIC (FUNCTIONAL)…
PARTS OF SPEECH: Criteria For Classification
MORPHOLOGICAL:
morphological characteristics of words
SYNTACTIC (FUNCTIONAL)
declinable
nouns, adjectives, verbs
indeclinable
: adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions,
interjections
15 CLASSES
(American structural linguists: Ch. Fries)
The concert was good there.
concert = Class I
was = Class II
good = Class III
there = Class IV
GRAMMATICAL
Morphological characteristics
Syntactic characteristics
LEXICO-GRAMMATICAL ((O. Jespersen))
form
function
meaning
ONOMASEOLOGICAL
things
(nouns)
non–things (properties)
temporal properties (verbs)
non-temporal properties of nouns (adjectives)
non-temporal properties of verbs (adverbs)
TRADITIONAL CLASSIFICATION
notional / lexical words(English grammarians):
nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs
Structural / functional words: preposotions, conjunctions etc.
GROUNDS FOR DIFFERENTIATION
her gold watch — noun
phrase
can see - verb phrase
so lucky - adjective phrase
very lucky - adverb phrase
1 Lexical meaning
2 Stress
3 Morphology
4 Head of phrase can see — verb phrase so
5 Length
6 Openness (open classes / closed classes)
7 Frequency
INSERTS
Longman Grammar of Spoken and
Written English
-interjections
-greetings and farewell
-discourse markers: This’ll be a good
idea! – Right, we can do this.
-attention getting signals: Hey look!
-response elicitors: Come over here in
about 25 minutes, okay?
-responses: Let’s go and see Pip. –
Okay.
-hesitators: Not West Italy? – Well.
Rome was suggested.
-thanks
-the polite marker please
-apologies
-expletives: Oh Jesus, I didn’t know it
was that cold.