Determine sentences, Mandatory sentences, Sentencing guidelines, Risk Management

Rehabilitation as primary focus of incarceration, Psychological testing and classification, Various types of treatment programs and institution.

Indeterminate sentences, Parole, Classification by degree of individual reform, Rehabilitative programs, Separate treatment for juveniles

Separate confinement, Reform of individual, Power of isolation and labor, Penance, Discipline routine, Punishment according to severity of crime.

Individual case approach , Administrative discretion, Broader probation and parole, Juvenile courts

Reintegration into community, Avoidance of incarceration, Vocational and educational program.

Rehabilitation Model

Process in which new sentencing options increase rather than reduce control over offenders' lives

History: developed in the United States by John Augustus, by the 1940s the development of psychology as a social field of science research led to probation officers to shift from moral leadership to therapeutic counseling.

Organization: 25% of the states falls into county and local governments. some probation falls under the state. Locally elected judges.

Services: Enforce court orders, provide mentoring, monitor compliance with probation terms, write monthly reports on each offender, attend probation court hearings, administer drug tests, etc.

Revocation: Probationers who break conditions or get rearessted

History: Evolved during the 1800s from English, Australian, and Irish practices of conditional pardon.

Composed of citizens who are appointed for fixed terms in office by the governor.

Parole board hearings/interviews are much less formal than court proceedings. Board members want the opportunity to ask prisoners about their crimes, their attitudes, their disciplinary records, their participation in programs in prison, and concrete plans for where they will live and work if they are granted parole.

conditionals of release - conduct restrictions that parolees must follow as a legally binding requirement of being released.

For committing a new crime or violating the conditions of release.