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Motion and forces (forces (forces transfer momentum (momentum is conserved…
Motion and forces
forces
force and mass determine acceleration
forces can change the direction of motion
centripetal force
circular motion and newton's second law
newton's second law relates to force, mass, and acceleration
newton's second law
force = mass times acceleration
F=ma (force= mass x acceleration)
mass and acceleration
forces change motion
a force is a push or a pull
types of forces
size and direction of forces
balanced and unbalanced forces
forces on moving objects
newton's first law relates to force and motion
newton's first law
galileo's thought experiment
forces act in pairs
newton's 3 laws describe and predict motion
newton's third law relates action and reaction forces
action and reaction forces VS balanced forces
action and reaction pairs
forces transfer momentum
momentum can be transferred from one object to another
objects in motion have momentum
p=mv (momentum= mass x velocity)
momentum is conserved
momentum and newton's third law
two types of collisions
gravity, friction and pressure
friction is a force that opposes motion
motion through fluids produces friction
friction occurs when surfaces slide against each other
forces and surfaces
friction and heat
gravity is a force exerted by masses
gravity keeps objects in orbit
people in orbit
spacecraft in orbit
masses attract each other
gravity on earth
weight and mass
the force of gravity
pressure depends on force and area
pressure acts in all directions in fluids
pressure in fluids depends on depth
pressure in water
pressure in air
pressure describes how a force is spread over an area
P= F/A (pressure= force/area)
fluids can exert a force on objects
the motion of a fluid affects its pressure
applying bernoulli's principle
bernoulli's principle
forces can be transmitted through fluids
hydraulics
Pascal's principle
fluids can exert upward force on objects
destiny and buoyancy
buoyancy
work and energy
energy is transferred when work is done
work changes pot. and k energy
calculating grav. pt. E
GPE= mgh
calculating k E
KE= 1/2 mv2
calculating mechanical E
ME=PE+KE
work transfers energy
the total amount of E is constant
losing mechanical E
forms of energy
conserving mechanical E
power is the rate at which work is done
power can be calculated from E and time
calculating power from energy
P=E/t (power= E/time)
everyday power
power can be calculated from work and time
calculating power from work
P= W/t (power= work/time)
horsepower
work is the use of force to move an object
objects that are moving can do work
force is necessary to do work
calculating work
W=Fd (work= force x distance)
force, motion, and work
machines
6 simple machines have many uses
there are 6 simple machines
lever
wheel and axle
pulley
inclined plane
wedge
screw
the mechanical advantage of a machine can be calculated
IMA= din/dout
IMA=l/h
IMA=Rin/ Rout
MA=Fout/Fin
modern technology uses compound machines
compound machines are combinations of simple machines
mechanical advantage of compound machines
modern technology creates new uses for machines
robots
microtechnology and nanotechnology
machines help people do work
work transfers E
work
E
output work is always less than input work
efficiency and E
increasing efficiency
machines change the way force is applied
changing size and distance
changing direction
mechanical advantage of a machine
Motion
an object in motion changes position
position describes the location of an object
describing a position
measuring distance
motion is a change in position
describing motion
relative motion
speed measures how fast position changes
position can change at different rates
calculating speed
S=d/t (distance= speed over time)
average speed
distance time graphs
velocity includes speed and direction
velocity VS speed
velocity
acceleration measures how fast velocity changes
acceleration can be calculated from velocity and time
acceleration over time
deep space
calculating acceleration
a=vfinal-vinitial/t(acceleration=final velocity- initial velocity/time)
velocity time graphs
speed and direction can change with time