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Types of Attention (Posner's Cuing Paradigm:
assesses the ability to…
Types of Attention
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Posner's 3 Networks
ORIENTING: ability to prioritize input by selecting a modality or location
- most focus on visual selection, parietal & frontal cortices
- manipulated by presenting a cue indicating where in space a person should attend
Extension:
- dorsal system: FEF, intraparietal sulcus
- ventral system: TPJ, ventral frontal cortex, right lateralized
- Acetylcholine (superior parietal lobe very involved
EXECUTIVE CONTROL: Reducing conflict among responses eg. Stroop Task
- midline frontal & lateral PFC
- widespread connections involving ACC (conflict monitoring)
Extension:
- frontoparietal network: showing short cue signals, task switching, initiation, adjustments
- cingulo-opercular control: (ACC & insula), shows maintenance across trials, acts as stable background
ALERTING:
- frontal & parietal regions of the right hemisphere
- role of brainstem reticular formation in maintaining alertness
- How to study it? use a warning signal prior to the target event to produce a phasic change in alertness
Extension:
- Norepinephrine
- warning signal is accompanied by activity in LC
- Contingent Negative variation (mostly in ACC): suppression of ongoing activity to prepare for a rapid response
- right lateralized processes often involve tonic effects & left hemisphere mechanisms involve phasic alertness
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Selective: attending to one or a few sensory inputs while ignoring the other ones
- d2 attention test
- bottleneck analogy: restricted flow of information eg. Broadbent’s Filter Model & Treisman’s Attenuation Model
- limit to how much information can be processed at a given time
- Dichotic listening task: one message to one ear, and the other message to the other ear & repeat what you’ve heard
Overt: attention to information being looked at (with eye movements, person moves his head toward the object)
- measure with eye tracker (fixations, saccadic eye movements)
Covert: attention not associated with eye movements
- paying attention but it isn’t apparent to other people, rather mentally shifting one’s focus
- affected by peripheral vision
- filtering tasks: observe a number of stimuli but attend to only one
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Reflexive (bottom up/ stimulus-driven)
- reflexive/automatic, caused by a sudden change in the periphery
- exogenous
- exogenous orienting is less affected by cognitive load than endogenous orienting
- driven by the properties of the objects themselves
- eg. motion or a sudden loud noise
Voluntary (top down/goal-directed)
- intentional allocation of attentional resources to a predetermined location or space
- endogenous
- observers are able to ignore endogenous cues but not exogenous cues
- attentional control, executive attention → under the control of the person who is attending
- mediated primarily by the frontal cortex and basal ganglia
- related to other aspects of the executive functions, such as working memory, conflict resolution & inhibition