Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Identity: Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Sexuality (How Does Geography…

- - - - There is no biological basis for dividing humans into 5 groups based off of skin color.
      - Instead, those racial categories are the product of how particular cultures have a dominantly viewed skin color.
    - - The way the US has been defining race has been changing. For example, Hispanic means someone that comes from a country where Spanish is the predominant language. However, everyone in Latin America is also defined as Hispanic. In this example, a black person from Brazil would be Hispanic, even though that is not correct, because the predominant language of Brazil is Portuguese, not Spanish.
  - - - Segregation has 5 statistical measurements: evenness, exposure, concentrated, centralized, and clustered.
      - Residential segregation by race.
        
        African Americans are seeing a decline in residential segregation. The most segregated large metropolitan area for African Americans is Milwaukee.
        
        American Indians and Alaska Natives were most racially segregated in Phoenix-Mesa, Arizona. However, in Oklahoma City, segregation against them was low.
        
        For Asians, the West Coast and Buffalo/Niagara falls area is the most segregated.
        
        The least segregated city for both Asians and Hispanics is New York
        
        For Hispanics, the most segregated city was in New York.
    - - New York City has greater diversity than any other city in the US.
      - Succession is when new immigrants move to low-income areas that become gradually abandoned by older migrant groups.
      - Often, neighborhoods have main streets, and these streets are often converted into ethnic main streets. Immigrants will often have colors and symbols that point back towards their country of origin.
- - - - The border between the US and Mexico is usually comprised by Mexican and Anglo Americans. However, the town of Mexicali has many different ethnicities, primarily being Chinese and Mexican. The Chinatown that was established became the uncontested center of Chinese life, and people made efforts to sustain their cultural traditions there.
  - - - Part of the social relations of a place are the embedded assumptions about ethnicity, gender, and sexuality, about what certain group should and shouldn't do. This is called being gendered.
    - - Often, cultures decide sexual norms. Forays into the study of sexuality are much like those of race, gender, and ethnicity.
        
        Census data helps create detailed maps of same-sex households, which help inform people of their distribution and location.
      - Queer theory is
        a field of academics focused on the study of issues related to sexual identity. Queer, a once negative term, was used in a non-negative way here.
- - - - When the US began to count the value of goods and services produced within the state borders, they did so with the thought that women's work was for the household, and didn't contribute to the state's income.
      - Scholars estimate that if women's productivity in the household were given value, the GNI for all countries would grow by 1/3.
      - In many places, the proportion of women in the labor force grew. However, they continue to be paid less and have less access to food and education than men.
    - - The US government separated civilized and uncivilized Indians until 1924.
  - - - The least vulnerable are those with high income and a strong social network.
      - However, those with low income and strong network are more likely to be in the low disease group.
    - - In North America and Europe, HIV/AIDS is more prevalent among homo and bisexual men. In Subsaharan Africa, it is much more widespread among women.
      - Women in urban areas of Subsaharan Africa tend to get affected by HIV/AIDS the most. However, in Ghana, it was lower for those in urban areas. All in all, fieldwork can help geographers apply vulnerability theory to understand the susceptibility of people around the world.
  - - - This occurs most in India. The Indian government has taken action against this in the form of family courts, but the judges there are older males, and attempt to keep the family together - that is, to force a threatened woman back into the household.
      - However, India's booming economy and more educated women and men are starting to pay off. The number of love marriages is on the rise, and when there is a lack of cooperation, the number of divorces is on the rise.
  - - - Alameda County, California
        
        Latinos were the first ones to migrate there, and came prior to the gold rush.
        
        In the 1870s, many people resented Chinese migrants for the downturn of the economy. The US government passed the first Chinese Exclusion Act because of this.
        
        During the 1910s, the economy grew again, but Chinese residents were restricted to Chinatown. Until WWII, the Chinese were segregated.
        
        When the war began, the US was focused on the Japanese population, segregating and persecuting them.
      - The model minority is the myth that paints Asians as good, hardworking people who, despite discrimination and harassment, have found ways to prosper.
        
        This myth has been debunked by demonstrating statistically the different levels of economic success experienced by various Asia peoples.
    - - Over the last 4 decades, the greatest migration flow into California has come from from Latin America and the Caribbean. In the 1980s, corporations such as GM and Weiser Lock began to close as the US went through a period of deindustrialization.
      - As plants closed and white laborers left, a Hispanic population migrated into southeastern LA. With cheap labor supply available, companies returned, primarily selling textiles, furniture, and toys. The term Barrioization means a noticeable increase in the Hispanic population in a neighborhood, which is what occured in LA.
      - The Hispanic population changed the "feel" of LA, using brighter colors and a traditional Hispanic placement of fences and yard shrines. In 1990, Koreans also started to steadily migrate to LA, who were trying to find a foothold in the rapidly changing urban area. In 1992, the city of LA became engulfed in one of the worst cases of civil unrest in US history. .
      - 4 white police officers were announced "not guilty", in the trial of using excessive force on a black motorist. 16,000 people were arrested, 2,400 were injured, and 43 died. All in all, the reactions to the verdict were not spontaneous, but built up from a growing despair and frustration the many ethnic groups competing for a decreasing number of jobs.