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Respiratory System (Functions (Internal (Exchange of gases between blood…
Respiratory System
Functions
Internal
- Exchange of gases between blood and tissue cells
External
- Exchange of gases between lungs and blood
-
-
- Oxygen in
- Carbon dioxide out
Pharynx
-
Function
- Passageway for air and food
Nasopharynx
- Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Oropharynx
- Stratified squamous epithelium
Laryngopharynx
- Stratified squamous epithelium
General anatomy
Conducting
- Moving from one place to another
- Nose / mouth ---> respiratory bronchioles
Respiratory
- Respiratory bronchioles ---> alveoli
Upper respiratory tract
- Nose / mouth ---> pharynx
-
Larynx
Functions
- Voice box
- Open airway
- Keep food / air going in correct direction
Epiglottis
- Flap of cartilage over the trachea
Glottis
- Opening between vocal folds
Vocal folds
- Regulate airflow
- Prevent choking
- Production of sounds (speech)
Gross anatomy
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-
Parietal pleura
- Outer layer of pleura membrane
- Attached to inner surface of thoracic cavity
Visceral pleura
- Inner layer of pleura membrane
- Attached to the walls of the lungs
Nasal cavity
-
Epithelial lining
- Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Function
- Clean, warm, and humidify air
Paranasal sinuses
Features
- Maxillary
- Frontal bone
- Ethmoid bone
- Sphenoid bone
Epithelial lining
- Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Function
- Give voice resonance
- Clean, warm, and humidify air
Trachea
-
Epithelial tissue
- Partial ring of hyaline cartilage
- Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Lungs
Microscopic anatomy
Bronchi
- Can see with a microscope
- Surrounded with bands of smooth muscle
- Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
- Rings of cartilage ---> fewer and fewer pieces of cartilage
Bronchioles
- No cilia
- No cartilage
- No goblet cells
- Simple columnar tissue
- Less than 1 mm in diameter
- Surrounded with bands of smooth muscle
Alveolus
Type I alveolar cells
- Simple squamous epithelium
Type II alveolar cells
- Cuboidal simple squamous epithelium
- Produce surfactant
- Prevents alveolus from sticking when you exhale
Macrophages
- Phagocytes that protect lungs
- Attack foreign cells / particles
Respiratory membrane
- Alveolar sacs are covered with capillaries
- Capillaries consist of simple squamous epithelium
- Simple squamous epithelium
- Basement membrane barrier between alveolus and capillaries
- blood filtration
- O2 and CO2 diffusion
Pathway
Nostrils ---> nasopharynx ---> (Mouth) oropharynx ---> laryngopharynx ---> glottis ---> trachea ---> bronchi ---> bronchioles ---> terminal bronchioles ---> respiratory bronchioles ---> alveolar ducts ---> alveolar sacs ---> alveoli (area of gas exchange) ---> capillaries (O2) / exhaled (CO2)