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Seed Plants I: Seed Plants without Flowers ("Gymnosperms")…

- - - - short shoots
        
        long needle leaves
      - example
        
        firs, pines, junipers
      - grows mostly in mountainous topography
      - leaves
        
        perminal
        
        needle shaped
        
        1 or 2 veins
      - seed of woody cones is wind- borne
      - simple cones
        
        pollen cones
        
        single short
        
        unbranched axis
        
        bears microporophylls
      - can be monoecious and dioecious
      - cone bracts
      - long shoots
        
        tiny papery leaves
      - ovuliferous scale
        
        fused to bract
      - bear cones
        
        reproductive activities takes place
      - suspensor
        
        pushes cells
        
        into megagametophyte
      - proembryo
        
        develops in the embryo
  - - - evergreen compound leaves
      - leaves appear basal rosettes
      - woody trunks
      - seed cones
        
        pollen cones
      - sometimes cone like structure
      - trunks are shorter and stouter
- - - - fern-like foilage
        
        bore seeds
    - - softer/less dense
    - - vascular cambium
        
        xylem and phloem
    - - other vines