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Population Geography (Population Policy - Measures initiated by…

- - - - Quantitative Controls - Time-specific quantitative limitation on immigration to facilitate orderly settlement, yearly quotas based on economy.
      - Why is it important? We have a lack of agriculture land for settlement, a shift in source are of immigrants to areas of 'less desirable' people, increase in qualified immigrants, change from labour shortages to unemployment problems.
      - Emigration control is also important to prevent reduction available in the labour pool, loss of human resources, etc. By restricting people to leave, or leave after a designated length, required to repay cost of education.
      - Internal Migration Control - Economic Arguments: Need to lessen disparities in income and welfare from place to place. Increase efficient use of natural resources. Ecologically: it is needed to reduce threats to resource base of an area. Administratively: High management cost of providing services for a widely scattered low density population. Congested.
    - - Anti-Natalists - Pessimistic assessment of the consequences of non-intervention. Rapid population growth is bad. There are limits to the supportive capacity of the earth. Believes in encouragement of family planning + mandatory sterilizations.
- - - - Economic Dominance - Economic factors are the MAIN cause of migration.
      - Technological Dominance - Volume of migration increases with improvements in industry commerce and transportation.
      - Lee's Push-Pull (1966): Provides a schema of the factors that could explain the volume of migration between any two places. Migration, the result of push and pull forces working on the individual. People see places as having positive, negative, and neutral attributes that they use to calculate whether or not to move.
        
        Factors associated with the area of origin, factors associated with the area of destination, personal factors.
        
        Intervening Obstacles - Financial costs of moving. Emotional cost of geographic separation. Psychological insecurities of starting afresh in a new environment.
        
        Opportunity is the most important factor for migration. Migration flows directly proportional to number of opportunities at destination, inversely proportional to number of opportunities in intervening places.
        
        Place Utility: Relative evaluation of places that people make from the stand-point of their own self-interests that are the foundation of the migration. Focuses on the individual, rather than place.
        
        Stages: Problem identification, examination of alternative place-related solutions, comparison, decision-making: to stay or to move.
        
        Problems: Assumes a rational decision-making process, availability of information, evaluated in a systematic manner.
        
        Assumes that decision-making process is accessible to study. Migration is only partly accessible to study because of the complex interplay of factors. Sees migration as a free decision - does not account for forced migration.
        
        Todaro's Model (1980) - Explain the apparent anomaly between rising urban unemployment but continues high rates of rural to urban migration. Based upon expected rather than real income differences between urban and rural economies.
        
        Potential migrants would consider the available market opportunities and choose the one which maximizes their expected gains from migration.
        
        Social factors, physical factors, demographic factors, and cultural factors are all important. Communication factors are also important.
        
        Focused attention on the rural sector and rural sector development.
        
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    - - Current and Counter-Current: Each current of migration produces a compensating counter-current.
      - Urban-Rural Differences: Natives of towns are less migratory than those of rural areas.
      - Sex Selectivity Migrations: Females predominate short-journey while males predominate among long-journey moves.
- - - - Optimum Population - The population size which maximizes human welfare. Human welfare is maximized somewhere below the upper limit defined by carrying capacity. Human welfare could be improved by an increase or decrease in population.
        
        MATHUS: Pointed out that in order for human welfare to be maximized, population, and food supply must be in balance. However difficult to define what population size is optimum for different populations. Virtually impossible to determine at what point a population has reached the limits to its growth.
        
        Net Primary Productivity - The outer limit of the earth's carrying capacity, determined by the total amount of solar energy converted into biochemical energy through plant.
        
        Environmental Constraints: Human activities straining resources, crop lands no longer expanding, agricultural land losing fertility, over-grazing of grasslands, over-harvesting of fisheries, and depletion and pollution of water bodies. CFCs destroying the ozone layer, irrigation, agricultural chemicals, high yielding crop varieties all have negative effects.
        
        Second Wave of Concern (1960s - 1970s) - Concern shifted to by-products of increased production and consumption, pesticide and fertilizer use, waste disposal, noise, air, and water pollution, and radio-active and chemical contamination.
        
        Third Wave (1980s to present) - Acid rain, depletion of the ozone layer, and global climate change.
        
        First Wave of Concern (1940s - 1950s) - Threat of population growth resulting in inadequate food production, and exhaustion of non-renewable resources.
        
        Israel is a forerunner for water management, drip irrigation.
        
        Doubling of Population - Pressure on the land and resources, decrease in productivity due to harmful practices.