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Corrections (History of Corrections in America
colonial (1600-1790s)
…
Corrections
History of Corrections in America
- colonial (1600-1790s)
- penitentiary (1790-1860s)
- reformatory (1870-1890s)
- progressive (1890-1930s)
- medical (1930-1960s)
- community (1960-1970s)
- crime control (1970-2000s)
Separate confinement
- penitentiary system developed in Pennsylvania where inmates are isolated from each other, all activities took place in cells
Congregate system
- penitentiary system developed in New York where inmates were isolated in their cells at night but did activities together during the day in silence
Contract labor system
- system where inmates labor was sold on a contractual basis to private employers who provided materials for the products for the inmates to make
Lease system
- system where inmates were leased to contractors for labor who provided the inmates with food and clothing
Reformatory
- an institution that emphasizes training, a mark system of classification, indeterminate sentences and parole
Mark system
- a point system in which prisoners can reduce their term by gaining points for good behavior, achievements and labor
Rehabilitation model
- model of corrections that emphasizes the need to restore an inmate to a constructive place in society through education, training or therapy
Medical model
- model based on assumption that criminal behavior is caused by biological or psychological conditions that require treatment
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Hands-off policy
- judges should not interfere with the administration of correctional institutions
Cooper v. Pate (1964)
- prisoners are entitled to the protection of the Civil Rights Act of 1871 and may challenge in federal courts the conditions of their confinement
Hudson v. Palmer (1984)
- Prison officials have the authority to search cells and confiscate any materials found
Wolff v. McDonnell
- basic elements of procedural due process must be present when decisions are made about imposing significant punishments on prisoners for violated institutional rules
Morrissey v. Brewer (1972)
- due process rights require a prompt, informal , two stage inquiry handled by an impartial hearing officer before parole may be revoked
- parolee may present relevant information and confront witnesses
Gangnon v. Scarpelli (1973)
- before probation can be revoked, a two-staged hearing must be held and the offender must be provided with specific elements of due process
- requested counsel will be allowed on a case-by-case basis
Kylio v. United States (2001)
- law enforcement officials cannot examine a home with a thermal imaging device without a warrant
In re Gault (1967)
- juveniles have right to counsel, to confront and examine accusers and have notice of charges
In re winship
- the standard of proof beyond a reasonable doubt applies to juveniles
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Prisoners who require different needs
elderly prisoners
prisoners with HIV/AIDS
prisoners who are mentally ill
long-term prisoners
Inmate code
- values and norms of the prison social system that define the inmates ' idea of the model prisoner
Classification
- process of assigning an inmate to a category based on their risk to security, education, ability to work, and readiness for release
Recidivism
- a return to criminal behavior
Community justice
- model of justice that emphasizes reparation to the vicim and the community, a problem-solving perspective with regard to crime, and citizen involvement in crime prevention
Parens patriae
- the state as a guardian and protector of all citizens who cannot protect themselves
Status offense
- any act committed by a juvenile that is considered unacceptable for a child, but would not be a crime if committed by an adult
Waiver
- procedure by which juvenile court waives its jurisdiction and transfers a juvenile case to the adult criminal court
Delinquent
- a child who has committed an act that if were committed by an adult would be a criminal act
Technical violation
- the probationers failure to abide by the rules and conditions of probation (specified by the judge) resulting in revocation of probation
Fine
- a sum of money to be paid to the state by a convicted person, as a punishment for an offense
Restitution
- repayment in the form of money or service- by an offender to a victim who has suffered some loss from the offense
Forfeiture
- Government seizure of property and other assets derived from or used in criminal activity
Home confinement
- a sentence requiring the offender to remain insider their home for a specified period of time
Community service
- a sentence requiring the offender to preform a certain amount of unpaid labor in the community
Day reporting center
- a community correctional center where an offender reports each day to comply with elements sentence
Intensive supervision probation
- probation granted under conditions of strict reporting to a probation officer with a limited caseload
Boot camp/shock incarceration
- a short-term institutional sentence usually followed by probation, that puts the offender through a physical regimen designed to develop discipline and respect for authority
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