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:scroll:THE MIDDLE AGES: CHALLENGING AUTHORITY AND FEUDALISM :scroll:…
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THE MIDDLE AGES: CHALLENGING AUTHORITY AND FEUDALISM
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The Magna Carta
What Happened?
The barons and John met ar Runnymede in June 1215. John signed the charter of the barons's demands as he was in a weak position, but did not intend to stick to it
Significance
Short Term
John refused to abide by the terms of the Charter and a civil war broke out between him and his barons
Causes the First Baron's War
The Pope refused to accept the validity of the Charter and declared it invalid
Long Term
The Zapista Arny of National Liberation quoted Magna Carta in 1994 to try to protect indigenous people from exploiation
The colonists used the Magna Carta in the Decleration of Independence
There is a memorial in Runnymede where t was signed
Causes
Economic :moneybag:
King John abused scutage (a tax knights ad barons could make so they didn't have to fight). It was used eleven times since 1199
In 1214 when John demanded scutage the barons refused
Religion :church:
In 1207, the Pope appointed Stephen Langton as the Arshbishop of Canterbury, but John wanted to appoint someone else so he could control them.
The Pope excommunicated John and banned all curch services in England. He also said that it wasn't a sin to kill the King
This angered people as it meant that babies couldn't be baptised and people couldn't be buried
War :crossed_swords:
After a defeat in France in 1214, it became clear that John wouldn't be able to retake Normandy
John was failing at war, and these were expensive
Government Action
John ruled arbitrarily
Ideas :thought_balloon:
The new idea that every (free) man has a right to justics and basic freedoms
Role of the Individual :man: :woman:
King John inhibited change
Important Clauses
Clause 1:Guarantess the freedom of the Church
Clause 8: Forbids the forced remarriage of widows
Clause 12: No taxed my be imposed without the general consent of the people
Clause 39: No free man can be imporisoned without proper legal processions being applied
Clause 40: Forbids the salde, denial or delay of justice
Clause 61; Provides for the application and observation of the charter by 25 barons
Simon de Montfort
Causes
Government Action
Henry ruled arbirarily, had favourites, involved foreigners in governing the country and sheriifs favoured Henry rather than applying the law fairly
The barons felt isolated and wanted more influence over government to ensure that laws were observed, and that they had more power
The Economy :moneybag:
There were financial issues, so there was an attempt to widen the tax network, which caused resentment
Role of the Individual :man: :woman:
Simon de Montfort oragnised
Ideas :thought_balloon:
War :crossed_swords:
Henry lost two major wars with France in 1230 and 1242
What Happened?
In 1258, 7 barons demanded that a council of 24 rule jointly with the King. The Provisions of Oxford were also issued, which spelled out the barons demands.
King Henry and his son were captured after the Battle of Lewes in 1264, leaving Simon de Montfort, in effect, leader of the country
His support amongst the barons declined so Simon began to rely on the Commons. I n 1265, Simon invited representatives of the Commons were invited to Parliamnet to have their grievenaces addressed in return for the right for Simon to tax them
Simon died at the Battle of Evesham in 1265 and Henry was reinstated
Significance
Short Term
His ParIiament of 1265 was the first one to include commoners rather than just nobles, even if it didn’t represent ordinary people
It established the principle that the king would call a parliament before raising taxes – this was followed by Edward I who called the Model Parliament
Some regarded Simon de Montfort as an inspirational leader for justice and liberty (although he was killed at the Battle of Evesham)
Henry III reversed the changes made
Long Term
The House of Commons can be traced back to the Parliament of January 1265 – all future parliaments included representatives of the commons EG Edward I’s Model Parliament
De Montfort’s Parliament has become a symbol for democracy, even though true democracy was not achieved until the 20th century
Later kings had to call a Parliament in order to raise taxes
The Peasants' Revolt
Causes
Government Action
Sumpturay Laws: Controlled the diet, clothing and lifestyle of social classses, which made the peasants feel controlled and oppressed
The Statute of Labourers: Everyone under 60 could not be payed more than they were before the Black Death (1347)
The Poll Tax: First imposed in 1377. Was used 3 more time, Rich and pooor had to pay the same
The Economy :moneybag:
The Poll Tax (short term trigger clause), war with France was expensive (long term cause). The Peasants were sick of their money being wated on failed wars and being forced to pay the poll tax (it was the same tax for all people, rich or poor)
Ideas :thought_balloon:
After the Black Death, peasants were angry that the Feudal system was still in place, so some refused to work on their owner's land
Role of the Individual :man: :woman:
John Ball: Preached agains the oppression of peasants using the Bible
Wat Tyler: Lead the revolt, organised the peasants
John of Gaunt: Provoked the peasants (ie. Sumpturary Laws and Poll Tax)
Chance :game_die:
The Black Death
Significance
Short Term
Richard II granted the peasants their demands initially at Smithfield, but then went back on his word
The peasants’ position was no better than it had been before
The Peasants’ Revolt succeeded in getting Richard II to meet with the rebels at Smithfield
Wat Tyler was killed and John Ball and other peasant rebels were captured and executed
It was the first time commoners had rebelled against the king
Long Term
Traditional ideas about society and power had been challenged
The ruling classes feared future rebellion
By 1450 all peasants were free men, which meant that they could leave their local noble’s estate and work for wages wherever they wanted
What Happened
After the Black Death, prices had risen much quicker than wages did, so many suffered from this
By 1380, many were avoiding tax collection, so the amount collected reduced, even though tax had been increased
Opposition to the government arose in Londin and the South-East (the most prosperous part of the country).
Many of those who joined the revolt were artisans and skilled workers rather than peasants
On June 15 1381, Richard promised to grant the demands of the rebels, and to pardon them, but went back on his word