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psychological disorders (disorders (Specific phobia (Agoraphobia: fear of…

- - - - Proposed by Hippocrates
  - - - Current edition: DSM-5 (or DSM-V)
        
        Categories include: anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, bipolar and related disorders, schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders, and paraphilic disorders
      - Helps psychological professionals give diagnoses
      - Describes ~250 disorders, grouped in ~20 categories
- - - - Diagnosis requires that one feels anxiety in at least two of five situations (e.g. using public transportation)
  - - - Often characterized by free-floating anxiety
  - - - Bipolar and related disorders
      - Depressive disorders
- - - - a form of depression that is not severe enough to be diagnosed as major depressive disorder
      - Typical duration is about 5 to 10 years
  - - - Manic episodes cause disruption
      - No episodes of depression
    - - Depressive episodes cause disruption
      - No episodes of mania
  - - - Positive symptoms: excesses of behavior or occur in addition to normal behavior
        
        Hallucinations= false sensory perceptions, such as hearing voices that do not really exist
        
        Delusions= false beliefs held by a person who refuses to accept evidence of their falseness
        
        Delusions of persecution
        
        Delusions of reference
        
        Delusions of influence
        
        Delusions of grandeur (or grandiose delusions)
      - Negative symptoms: less-than-normal behavior or an absence of normal behavior
        
        Flat affect = a lack of emotional responsiveness
        
        Diminished emotional expression
        
        Avolition= a lack of motivation and a seeming absence of interest or an inability to persist in routine activities
        
        Alogia= a significant reduction in the amount of speech
      - Paranoid, catatonic, and disorganized subtypes
        
        Paranoid schizophrenia
        
        Characterized by prominent delusions
        
        Characterized by catatonic symptoms
        
        Catatonia= either wildly excessive movement or total lack thereof
        
        Negative symptoms likely to present
        
        Hallucinations may accompany delusions
        
        speech is not disorganized and flat affect typically not present
        
        Especially delusions of persecution or grandeur
        
        Catatonic schizophrenia
        
        May also have flat affect or constant shifts of emotion
        
        Disorganized schizophrenia
        
        Characterized by disorganized speech that it difficult to follow
- - - - Specific paraphilic disorders listed in DSM because
      - They are relatively common in relation to other paraphilic disorders
      - Some entail actions for their satisfaction that, because of their noxiousness or potential harm to others, are classed as criminal offenses