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PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS (Schizophrenia: (Bio: (positive symptom bc too…
PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
Definitions
prevalence: number of cases during a given time, how many ppl at the same point in the year/lifetime
one time prevalence: snapshot of time, how many people have the disorder
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disorder - clinically significant disturbance in an indiv's cognition, emotion regulation and behavior
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Schizophrenia:
described by: loss of contact with the environment, noticeable deterioration in everyday life, disintegration in personality
Thought behavior
loose asociation: 1 thought leads to another, no filter
attentional difficulty, can't employ selective attention
delusions (false belief) - being persecuted, controlled
hallucinations (false sensory experience) - hear voices see images, taste sth that isn't there. suggested that unfiltered thoughts = what they "hear"
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qualify for either: delusion, hallucination, disorganized speech
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negative symptoms - affective flattening (emotional flatness), alogia (less talking), avoliation ( not wanna do anything)
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DSM criteria - more than 6 months, 2 or more symptoms
definitions: negative symptoms = absence of qualities normal ppl have like flatness or withdrawal ; positive symptoms = presence of symptoms people experience extra from normal people like hallucination or delusions
hard to categorise into diff types of schiz, so eliminated
Bio:
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(not sure if this is cause/effect of schiz) existence of brain ventricles because brain shrunk may affect negative symptoms
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other causes?
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expressed emotions: clinical term to describe family that is critical and hostile - cause relapse or retract/ worsen condition
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Other hints of schizophrenia: eye tracking deficiencies - do not well; diminished hystagmus - less eye movement associated with being dizzy when spinning
Onset and development
chronic - symptoms appear by late adolescence, early adulthood and psychotic episodes last longer and recovery shorter as they age
acute - begin at any age, usually response to emotionally traumatic event, extended recovery period
Anxiety Disorder
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Fear: specific target
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eg: animals, social, agoraphobia (fear of open spaces)
agoraphobia associated with panic disorder: if experienced panic in public, always retreat to safety of home
use intense exposure therapy to treat this eg expose to elevators - atfirst fear of being stuck, will panic, then do over and over again until get over it.
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natural selection: cause us to be prone to some fears, but did not prepare us for some modern fears eg no one is irrationally scared of bombs but people are irrationally scared of spiders
Panic disorder: unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and chest pain, choking or other frightening sensations, usually followed by worry of another attack; overactive SNS and interpretation
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generalized anxiety disorder: continually tense, apprehensive and in the state of ANS arousal - usually cannot identify tension/"free floating";not linked to one stressor
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OCD: a disorder characterised by unwanted repetitive thoughts, actions or both
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Causes
related to hoarding, body dysmorphic disorder (obsessed with 1 part of the body), trichotillomania (hair pulling), excornation disorder (skin picking)
Brain
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higher activity in amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex larger, causing repetitive check for error behavior
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Bipolar disorder
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symptoms
manic: restlessness, risky behavior, poor sleep
rapid cycling bipolar disorder is defined by 4 or more per year - bc there is a lot of differences individual cycles
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hypomanic states - exhibited in relatives of bipolar ppl: productive, not usually depressive
15% suicide rate, usually during manic state, because the contract between depression and mania may make it hard to adapt to, so stressed even in happy circumstance
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brain:
manic- high acitvity, depressed - diminished activity
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Major depressive disorder: person experiences 2 or more weeks with 5 or more symptoms of depression, w/o meds influence
6.5%/year, 17 lifetime prevalence
symptoms
sadness, loss of gravitation, anxiety
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motivational: give up, know but not do
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Causes:
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psychological
beck's cognitive triad - negative thoughts about self, present and future
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women more prone than men because: hormones, explanatory style - more pessimistic, life events
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brain: smaller frontal lobe, hippocampus vulnerable to stress
Time course
50% no recurrence in 10 years, 40% recurrence in 3 years, 10% chronic
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PTSD: characterised by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness, insomnia that lingers for 4 weeks or more after trauma
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dysthymia: mild depressed mood, 2 years r more, atleast 2 symptoms
Suicide and self injury
suicide is impulsive, so barriers help save lives
trigger - family suicie, tv, highly publicized suicide
self injury to relief from negative thoughts, guilt, fit in, attract attention
Dissociative Disorder:controversial, rare disorder where conscious awareness becomes separate from previous memories, thoughts and feelings
result in fugue state: change in personality, loss of memory
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