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Theories of development 07.12.18 (Dependency theory (Dependency in Africa,…

- - - - Providing Europe with developmental aid to help them rebuild economics, society, roads, railways. (to help them resume their previous stature).
    - - "Humainity pocesses the knowledge and skill to relieve the suffering of these people." "what we envisage is a programme of development based on the concepts of democratic fair dealing, greater production is the key to prosperity and peace."- clearly economically driven
      - Key to production is a wider and more rigorous application of technology and scientific knowledge.
- - - - Pre-newtonian world- pre-scientific . Fatalistic view of nature.
      - 75% of population in agriculture.
      - Decentralisation power groups- essentially not a coherent centralised power- perhaps clans.
      - Marked divisions of wealth.
      - Social inertia- Notion of traditional societies non-changing.
    - - Level of investment at least 10% national income.
      - Willing to risk capital to reinvest and make better e.g land, irrigation, production.
      - Factory production and division of labour.
      - Surplus from agriculture to industry.
      - Development of a centralised government.
    - - Watershed moment of self-sustained growth- constant investment and innovation.
      - Emerging industries leading certain indusrty sectors.
      - Continual supply of investment.- willingness to invest- take a risk.
      - importance of continual innovation.
    - - Majority of workforce in industry.
      - Development of middle-class and white-collar work.
      - Mass urbanisation.
      - National self confidence.
    - - Balance of employment in tertiary and quaternary sectors.
      - Shift to high-value consumer goods and services.
- - - - Colonialism was about resource extraction- lead to impoverishment.
      - Europe's presence in Africa has underdevolped it rather than developed it.
      - Argues that current levels of poverty are a result of a historical process of over 500 years in the making.- claims they were relatively developed and Europe has taken them backwards.
      - The wealth of the worlds minority is generated by the poverty of the worlds majority.
      - Challenges the idea that Africa is yet to benefit from the things that Europe has transferred to it. Instead argues that this is the exact reason Africa is in the state it is today.
      - Similar with India- Laws were used to penalise the fabric making industry in India to make the British textile industry more attractive.
      - Arguments from India scholars that colonisation in India actually de-modernised that part of the economy in order to allow for its competition.
    - - Challenging Europe's world order as to how he is supposed to govern a country to modernisation using the arguments they have produced.- How can they invest in infrastructure, land, economy etc when they have no additional money cause materials are sold so cheaply to Europe, but are so expensive to buy back.
      - Economy is structures around getting copper to Europe- economy overwhelming dependent of copper. But when copper prices drop the workers protest to the Zambian Government- although they too are powerless.- international market wont listen- what Zambia has lost, Europe has gained.
      - Rich countries preach democracy to the poor nations when it suits them. Liable to apply sanctions against the countries they deem undemocratic acting against human rights- preaching democracy on a national level, actively fights democracy on an international level.
    - - Disengagement from the world economy- if it is the international trade and relations that cause the problems we just need to disengage from the world trade. - this is of course very difficult in a Globalised world.
      - Nyerere- Establish regional trading blocks- East African trading blocks where he thought East African countries could support each other, they would set up an alternative trading system to the one that dominated the world- sadly, this never emerged.
      - However, were the products too similar? and were regional markets sufficiently big to stimulate development needed for take off.
        Countries also have trade barriers- each country wanted to protect its own development.
    - - Suggests that their country is outside of their control, which serves African leaders well "not my fault".
      - Unable to explain exceptions of colonised Canada and Australia- which are clearly developed.
      - Also the development of "poor" nations (previously much poorer than Africa- in the 1950's) such as Singapore and Malaysia being able to turn things around- Tiger economies.
      - Economically deterministic- foucusing on economy driving things- ignore social and cultural variations.
      - Static construction of global relationships- does other countries changing affect structural relationship.
      - Perceived passive nature of the global south- Nothing they can do.