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Kwan_Isabel_MM8 (Cell Cycle (Chromosome Separation (The linkage between…
Kwan_Isabel_MM8
Cell Cycle
Chromosome Separation
The linkage between duplicated chromosomes is established during the S phase (cohesion), persists during their dramatic structural changes in prometaphase, and is finally dissolved at the metaphase-anaphase transition.
Chromosome separation begins with the release of cohesin complexes from chromosomes; in budding yeast, this includes the cleavage of cohesin complexes along the chromosome arms, followed by the separation of the centromeric regions.
Cell Division
Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells. Cell division usually occurs as part of a larger cell cycle.
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Chromosome Duplication
Gene duplication is a major mechanism through which new genetic material is generated during molecular evolution. It can be defined as any duplication of a region of DNA that contains a gene.
The duplication occurs when part of chromosome 1 is copied (duplicated) abnormally, resulting in the extra genetic material from the duplicated segment. If the condition is inherited from a parent, it means that one of the parents also has the extra piece of genetic material.
Genetic Information
Asexual Reproduction
Equal Division
Mitosis
a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth.
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Sexual Reproduction
Direct Contact
Meiosis+Fertilization
Whereas somatic cells undergo mitosis to proliferate, the germ cells undergo meiosis to produce haploid gametes (the sperm and the egg). The development of a new progeny organism is then initiated by the fusion of these gametes at fertilization.
Conjugation
Conjugation is the process by which one bacterium transfers genetic material to another through direct contact. During conjugation, one bacterium serves as the donor of the genetic material, and the other serves as the recipient. The donor bacterium carries a DNA sequence called the fertility factor, or F-factor.
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Non-viral Meditated
Transformation
Transformation, in biology, one of several processes by which genetic material in the form of “naked” deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is transferred between microbial cells.
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Transfection
Transfection is the process of deliberately introducing naked or purified nucleic acids into eukaryotic cells.
Transduction is often used to describe virus-mediated gene transfer into eukaryotic cells. The word transfection is a portmanteau of trans- and infection.
Sexual Reproduction
Mitosis
Anaphase
the splitting process begins. the spindle fibers pull apart the chromosomes and pull them to either side of the cell. the chromosomes are going closer the poles
Telophase
almost to splitting position. the chromosomes are surrounded by a membrane and the spindle fibers retract. there are 2 pairs of membrane enclosed chromosomes on either side of the cell near the centrioles
Metaphase
where the action begins. the poles go to opposite sides of the cell. the spindle fibers begin to be stretched out. centrioles go their respective poles. the chromosomes start matching and they line up in the middle of the cell.
Interphase
Rest (G0)
There are times when a cell will leave the cycle and quit dividing. This may be a temporary resting period or more permanent. An example of the latter is a cell that has reached an end stage of development and will no longer divide (e.g. neuron).
Synthesis (S)
To produce two similar daughter cells, the complete DNA instructions in the cell must be duplicated. DNA replication occurs during this S (synthesis) phase.
Gap 1 (G1)
Cells increase in size in Gap 1, produce RNA and synthesize protein. An important cell cycle control mechanism activated during this period (G1 Checkpoint) ensures that everything is ready for DNA synthesis.
Gap 2 (G2)
During the gap between DNA synthesis and mitosis, the cell will continue to grow and produce new proteins. At the end of this gap is another control checkpoint (G2 Checkpoint) to determine if the cell can now proceed to enter M (mitosis) and divide.
Prophase
original cell phase. the nucleus surrounds the chromosomes, the spindle fibers have not begun to stretch out yet. the centrioles have not reached opposite sides of the cell yet.
Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis is the process of cytoplasm being divided in eukaryotic cells to produce two distinct daughter cells that are identical to each other.
It occurs at the end of the parent cells cycle after meiosis or mitosis when a cleavage furrow or a cell plate is constructed to divide the cell membrane into two new cells.
Meiosis
Metaphase I
the stage in mitosis or meiosis in which the duplicated chromosomes line up along the equatorial plate of the spindle.
Anaphase I
the stage in mitosis or meiosis following metaphase in which the daughter chromosomes move away from each other to opposite ends of the cell.
Prophase I
the first stage of mitosis or meiosis in eukaryotic cell division, during which the nuclear envelope breaks down and strands of chromatin form into chromosomes.
Telophase I
the final stage of meiosis or mitosis, in which the separated chromosomes reach the opposite poles of the dividing cell and the nuclei of the daughter cells form around the two sets of chromosomes.