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Social Psychology (Exam review) (Conformity and Social Norms (Pluralistic…
Social Psychology (Exam review)
Gender
Adrocentrism
(men are norm/ideal)
women earn $0.74 per dollar that men earn in Canada
Blind Orchestra auditions (Goldin & Rouse, 2000)
VC pitches (Brooks Huang, Kearney, & Murray, 2014)
Perceived entitlement
thought-list self-payment study (Jost, 1997)
masculinity more esteemed
men should tend to defensively overcompensate to reassert masculinity, women should not do that when femininity questioned
men overcompensating study (Willer et al, 2013)
Braiding study (Bosson & Vandello, 2009)
Biological Essentialism
(gender differences are biological, ignore social aspects)
Sexual Selection Theory
Speed dating study
Confound of speed dating study (women rotate)
Role Congruity Theory
biological differences -> division of labor -> gender role stereotyping -> social and self-regulation
changes in women's scores on BSRI masculinity scale
more masculine over time - more women in work force (more agentic)
Gender Polarization
(we are v. different)
meta-analysis
d = |Mm - Mf|/Sw
d is effect size
M is average score (m=for men, w= for women)
Sw = average within-sex SD
30% d's are negligible
48% small
15% moderate
6, 2% large/v large
Over/under estimator study (Prentice & Miller, 2006)
Social Influence (Ch 9)
conformity
automatically mimic others
face-rubbing, foot shaking mimicry study (Chartrand, 1999)
cultural differences: Hispanic/Anglo american job interview study
informational social influence
moving points of light study (Sherif, 1936)
normative social influence
Asch's famous conformity experiment (1956)
group size
unanimity
anonymity
expertise and status
culture
gender
influence of the minority
Moscovici green-blue colour minority (1969)
compliance
norm of reciprocity
paintings and soda study (Regan, 1971)
Door-in-the-face technique
Juvenile delinquents at the zoo (Cialdini et al, 1975)
"That's not all" technique
Foot-in-the-Door technique
Emotion-based approaches
Positive mood
telephone favor study (Isen et al, 1976)
mood colours how we interpret events - give people benefit of doubt in good mood
want to continue good mood - helping someone promotes good mood
Negative mood
(Harris, Benson, & Hall, 1975)
Asked Catholics to donate to the March of Dimes
those solicited on the way in gave more money than those solicited on the way out
(were heading in for confession, feeling guilty, rehearsing sins; on way out were no longer plagued by guilt)
want to improve mood (negative state relief hypothesis)
Norm-based
Energy-Use Door tags (Cialdini et al, 2007)
obedience
Milgram
Conformity and Social Norms
3-judge court appeals study
conformity and the Holocaust debate
Pluralistic ignorance
Racial segregation survey (Fields & Schuman, 1976)
Pluralistic ignorance & Campus drinking culture
Perceived vs actual drinking
(Prentice & Miller, 1993)
Norm-focused intervention
(Schroeder & Prentice, 1998)
footbinding in China
Attitudes
Traditional "file drawer" model
Problems:
Generally low attitude-behaviour consistency
LaPiere's study - Chinese couple travelling the west coast
Wicker's (1969) literature review
Large context effects in attitude reports
Question Wording
CBS News/NYTimes poll, 2010 (LG in the military)
Communism and free-speech q's
Preceding questions
poll results - same-sex marriage
Constructionist model
Context effects:
assimilation and contrast effects
Life satisfaction ratings study
Implicit vs Explicit
Implicit attitude tests
Idea is that self-reports are fallible,
maybe not accessing the right attitudes; can have unconscious attitudes
Lower correlation b/w IAT scores and explicit attitudes for more socially controversial issues (e.g. less correlation for race bias vs Coke/Pepsi)
Prison-Church-Factory Study
Bias in TV soap clips study
exposure to pro-White TV clips increases implicit pro-White bias (study)
Relationships and Attraction (Ch 10)
need to belong
Baby Rhesus monkey and surrogate mothers (Harry Harlow, 1958)
evidence in humans:
mortality rates higher for divorced, unmarried and widowed people
admissions to hospitals for psychological problems are 3-23x higher for divorced than married people
higher suicide and crime rates for singles and divorcees
having support from others contributes to good health
Attachment Theory
Ainsworth and the "strange situation"
Study - secure attachment styles predict more positive life outcomes
Attraction
Proximity
Westgate-west apartments study
the Mere Exposure effect
Turkish words study
albino rats and classical music
mirror image study
Similarity
Physical Attractiveness
Gender Differences
Bus, 1989, 1994 cross-cultural study
Propaganda and Persuasion
Elaboration Likelihood Model
Peripheral Route
low motivation
low ability
Strategies:
Simplicity
Politicians and message complexity while campaigning vs in office
Repetition (with variation)
Nazi Propaganda
Turkish words study (Zajonc, 1968)
Fluency
Rhyming sayings study (McGlone &Tofighbakhsh, 2000)
Metaphoric associations
Trump associated Immigrants with threat, disease, flood, infestation
US as a body study (Landau et al, 2009)
Central route
high motivation
bg knowledge, good ability to process message
Motivation:
Comprehensive exam at own university study
(strong/weak) (Petty & Cacioppo, 1979)
Quality vs Peripheral cues:
comp exam sooner or later (arguments from prof or HS students)
(Petty & Cacioppo, 1986)
Group Stereotypes
Where do stereotypes come from?
Paired distinctiveness
and illusory correlations
(Cognitive)
Experiment I -
fake groups and bad behaviour
Same as Experiment 1,
but negative behaviours more common
Problem: Overpredicts
Patterns of Stereotype content
(Fiske, Cuddy, & Glick, 2007)
System Justification motive
men overrepresented in agentic roles, women overrepresented in communal roles; stereotype men as possessing more agentic, women as possessing more communal traits
Ethnic groups in subordinate roles/economically worse off, stereotyped as being lazy, low intelligence, etc.
High status/low status Jews study
victim-blaming
Why do stereotypes persist?
Confirmation Bias
White people interviewing study (study 1)
White people getting interviewed (study 2)
Motivated stereotype activation/inhibition (for self-esteem)
Black/White manager study
the target's perspective
Stereotype threat
African Americans vs Euro-Americans
Stanford undergrads, verbal GRE test (v. difficult)
Asian females in N. America, math test
(ethnicity, gender)
Aversive Racism
hiring a Black candidate study
when job candidate had exemplary qualifications, P's recommended he be hired regardless (White or Black)
when job candidate had mixed qualifications, more p's recommended if he was White (75% vs 50%)
Gun crime study:
P's reviewed evidence from an alleged crime involving a robbery @ gunpoint
P's informed defendant was White or Black
case file included DNA evidence showing sample from crime scene matched the defendant with 98.5% accuracy
in 1 condition p's were told in advance DNA evidence was inadmissable
in other condition, Ps led to believe it was admissible
P's judged whether defendant was guilty and how long to make prison sentence
Results:
when admissable, sentence was equally harsh (White or Black)
when not admissable, sentence harsher for Black
Prejudice and Group Conflict
identity fusion (E)
identity fusion promotes altruistic action for needy ingroup members
Sprints and donations (Swann et al, 2010)
identity fusion promotes extreme action to defend ingroup's honour
Spanish revenge study (Swann et al, 2010)
Sherif's Robber's Cave experiment!
competition for scarce resources - > antagonism
cooperation for superordinate goals -> harmony
Common Ingroup Identity Model
(Gaertner & Dovidio, 2000)
Word categorizing ingroup study (Perdue et al, 1990)
Decrease integroup prejudice by representing the collection of people:
as separate individuals,
as a single group,
as 2 subgroups who share a common superordinate identity
Social dominance theory
Trump Voters
Brexit
White US status threat study (Craig & Richeson, 2014a)
Hierarchy-Enhancing institutions:
unregulated markets and criminal justice system function to perpetuate hierarchy
Car sales study (Ayers, 2003)
Resume Names study (Henry & Ginzberg, 1985)
in-person hiring professional and sales positions in TO (Henry & Ginzberg, 1985)
Police stops in Kingston (Wortley & Marshall, 2005)
Group Polarization & Ideology
More extreme attitudes after talking to people
Pro-black attitudes pre/post discussion (Myers & Bishop, 1970)
Deliberation Day study
(Schkade, Sunstein, & Hastie, 2007)
Causes:
Restricted argument pools
Social comparison
exacerbated by shared group identity
Liberals vs Conservatives
Moral foundations theory
Liberals - mostly guided by individualizing ethics
Conservatives - also bound by binding ethics
ethical colourblindess
Feinberg & Willer, 2015 - Liberals writing essays
Graham, Haidt, Nosek, 2009
Disgust sensitivity study (Inbar et al, 2011)
Moral traditionalism as a strategy to avoid disease
pathogens vs traditionalism (Tybur, Inbar, et al, 2016)
Hand sanitizer study (Helzer & Pizarro, 2011)
