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Ch 3: Drainage System (The Peninsular Drainage (Characteristics (older…
Ch 3: Drainage System
Drainage Patterns
Dendritic
Pattern resembling the branches of a
tree
.
e.g. rivers of Northern Plain
Radial
Rivers originate from a hill and flow in all directions
e.g. rivers flowing from Amarkantak range
Trellis
Primary tributaries of rivers flow in parallel to each other and secondary tributaries join them at
right angles
develops where hard and soft rocks exist parallel to each other
Centripetal
When rivers discharge their waters from all directions in a lake or depression
Separation between Arabian Sea drainage (23%) and Bay of Bengal drainage (77%) -
Delhi Ridge, Aravalis, Sahyadris
The Himalayan Drainage
Characteristics
Perennial, giant gorges, V-shaped valleys, rapids waterfalls, ox-bow lakes, flood plains, braided channels, deltas.
Indus System
Origin
glacier near
Bokhar Chu in Tibetan region in Kailash Mt Range
In Tibet, known as
Singhi Khamban or Lion's Mouth
enters into Pak near
Chillar in Dardistan Region
Tributaries
Sulaiman Ranges => Shyok, Gilgit, Zaskar, Hunza, Nubra, Shigar, Gasting and Dras,
Kabul
, Khurram, Tochi, Gomal, Viboa, Sangar
Jhelam
- rises from spring at Verinag (Pir Panjal) - flows through Wular Lake - joins Chenab near Jhang in Pak
Chenab
-
largest tributary of Indus
- forms from Chandra and Bhaga streams hence known as
Chandrabhaga
Ravi
- rises west of Rohtang pass in Kullu hills and flows through Chamba valley - joins Chenab near Sarai Sidhu
Beas
- originating from Beas Kund near Rohtang pass - flows through Kullu valley - meets Sutluj at Harike in Punjab
Satluj
- originates at
Rakas Lake
near Mansarovar in Tibet - where known as
Langchen Khambab
- passes through
Shipki La
-
an antecedent river
- feeds Bhakra Nagal Project
Indus flows in India only through the
Leh
district.
Ganga System
Origin
Gangotri glacier near Gaumukh in Uttarkashi district - known as Bhagirathi
BAD => Bhagirathi meets Alaknanda (Satopanth glacier) at Devprayag => known as Ganga
DVV=> Dhauli meets Vishnu Ganga at Joshimath or Vishnu Prayag => known as Alaknanda
PAK=> Pindar meets Alaknanda at Karna Prayag
MAR=> Mandakini or Kali Ganga meets Alaknanda at Rudra Prayag
NAN=> Nandakini meets Alaknanda at Nanda Prayag
length : UP => WB => Bihar => UK
Tributaries
Right: Yamuna (longest trib), Son
Left : Ramganga, Gomati, Ghaghra, Gandak, Kosi, Mahananda
Chambal rises near Mhow in Malwa Plateau of MP => Gandhi Sagar dam => Chambal ravines (badland)
Chambal, Sindh, Betwa, Ken joins Yamuna at its right bank while Hindan, Rind, Sengar, Varuna at its left bank
Gandak = Kaligandak + Trishulganga, rises in Nepal b/w Dhaulagiri and Mt Everest. = > Champaran District of Bihar
Ghaghra originates in the glaciers of Mapchachungo. Tila, Seti and Beri are tributaries, meets Ganga at Chhapra
Kosi => Antecedent river =>forms Sapt Kosi after joining with Arun
Damodar => Sorrow of Bengal
Son originates at Amarkantak plateau
Brahmaputra System
Origin
Chemayungdung
glacier of Kailash Range near Mansarovar lake, known as
Tsangpo
in Tibet means the purifier.
Rango Tsangpo
- right bank tributary in Tibet
Deep gorge at
Namcha Barwa
, emerges from Siang or
Dihang
Tributaries
Right: Subansiri, Kameng, Manas and Sankosh
Left: Dibang or Sikang and Lohit => known as Brahmaputra, Burhi Dihing and Dhansari
Subansiri origins in Tibet => antecedent river
Enters into Bangladesh near
Dhubri
and flows southward
Tista
joins on right bank => known as Jamuna
Merges with Padma
The Peninsular Drainage
Characteristics
older than Himalayan => broad, largely graded shallow valleys, maturity.
Fixed course, absence of meanders, ephemeral
Narmada
and
Tapi
flow in
trough faults
and fill the original cracks with their detritus materials => lack of alluvial and deltaic deposits
Goa: Mandovi and Juari rivers
Mahi => Sabarmati => Bharathapuzha => Periyar => Kalinadi => Dhandhar => Sharavati
Mahanadi
III
Origin
near
Sihawa
in Raipur
MP
,
Chhatisgarh
and
Odisha
(47%)
Godavari
I
Largest peninsular river
, known as
Dakshin Ganga
Origin
Nasik district
Tributaries
Maharashtra, MP, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, AP
Purna,
Wardha
,
Pranhita
,
Manjra
, Wainganga,
Penganga
,
Indravati
Maharashtra (49%), MP and Chhatisgarh (20%), AP (31%)
After
Rajamundari
, splits into several branches
Krishna
II
Origin
near
Mahabaleshwar in Sahyadri
Tributaries
Koyana
,
Tungabhadra
, Ghat Prabha, Musi,
Bhima
Maharashtra(27%), Karnataka(44%), AP(29%)
Kaveri IV
Origin
Brahmagiri hills
of Kogadu district of Karnataka
Tributaries
Kabini, Bhavani, Amravati, Hemavati
nearly perennial
Kerala(3%), Karnataka(41%) and TN(56%)
Jog falls - second largest @ Sharawati River
Narmada
Origin
western flank of Amarkantak plateau
flow in the rift valley b/w
Vindhyan Range
and
Satpura
Dhandhar waterfall near Jabalpur
Meets Arabian sea south of
Bharuch
, forming estuary
Sardar Sarovar Project
Tapi
Origin
Multai in Betul district of MP
Maharashtra (79%), MP(15%) and Gujarat(6%)
Luni
Origin
near Pushkar
two branches:
Saraswati
and
Sabarmati
joining at
Govindgarh
=> comes out of Aravali as Luni
flows westward till
Telwara
Ephemeral