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CHAPTER 10, 11, 12 (Photosynthesis (Chloroplast (Pigment: Molecules that…

- - - - 1. Carbon Fixation
        
        The process converts CO2 into a more biologically useful form, carbon in the compound is reduced by attaching it to another carbon
        
        Addition of CO2 to an organic compound
      - 2. Reduction
        
        6 NADPH are reduced to NAD and H
        
        Sugar is also produced here
      - 3.Regeneration of RuBP: ATP is reduced to ADP
  - - - Chlorophyll b: Absorbs light
      - Carotenoids/Carotene: Absorb/pass energy to chlorophyll
  - - - Photosystem I
        
        STEPS
        
        Electrons are excited in reaction center chlorophyll molecules
        
        The reaction center pigments are oxidized, and the excited electrons are passed through a series of carriers inside the photosystem, then to a molecule called ferredoxin, and then to the enzyme NADP+
        
        Pigments in the antenna complex absorb photons and pass the energy to the photosystem I reaction center
        
        NADP+ reductase transfers 2 electrons and a proton to reduce NADP+ and form NADPH
        
        End of photosystem I
        
        Final Electron Acceptor: NADP+
        
        Molecule Produced When Electron Accepted: NADPH
      - Photosystem II
        
        Pheophytin
        
        accepts excited electron from chlorophyll
        
        Key to transforming light energy to chemical energy
        
        Same as chlorophyll but lacks mg atom in the head region
        
        Water donates electrons to photosystem II
        
        OCCURS FIRST in photosystems
      - Z-Scheme: A model for how Photosystems II and I interact
  - - - Energy is transferred to nearby pigments
      - Reduction/Oxidation = electrons are transferred to a new compound/acceptor
      - Emission of heat/light
    - - Antenna Complex: Group of chlorophyll molecules and accessory pigments by an array of proteins
      - Resonance Energy Transfer: Pigments in an antenna complex absorb photons from light, the energy (but not the photon itself) is passed to a nearby chlorophyll molecules, where another electron is excited in response to it
      - Reaction Center: Photons are absorbed by chlorophyll molecules
  - - - Beneficial in condition to time
      - Same as C4 but during the nighttime and the products are then used during the day in the calvin cycle
    - - Acts as additional fixation step
      - When fixing CO2 produces 4-carbon molecule than a 3-carbon molecule
      - Beneficial in conditions to space
- - - - When incoming water pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall
      - In normal conditions: the concentration of solutes is higher inside the cell than outside, causing water to enter the cell via osmosis
    - - Made in the rough ER and Golgi
      - It’s hydrophilic and attracts/hold large amounts of water
    - - Allows plant cells to stick to each other, top layer of cell
  - - - Activate/inactivate proteins that already exist in the cell that are involved with metabolism, membrane transport, secretion, and the cytoskeleton
      - Gene expression, altering which proteins are produced and which are not