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Science (Structure and Function (The Organization of Life (Cells: Cells…
Science
Structure and Function
Organelle Functions
Cell membrane: Protects the cell from its surroundings and controls what comes in and out of the cell.
Cell wall: Gives the cell its strength and structure, and filters molecules that come in and out of the cell.
Chloroplast: It helps convert light energy of the Sun into sugars that can be used by cells. This is called photosynthesis.
Nucleus: It controls the cell and its movement, and it stores DNA.
Mitochondria: It turns nutrients from the cell and break it down to create energy that the cell will need to carry out other functions.
Cell Functions
Skeletal Muscle Cell: Contracts and relaxes muscles so they can be able to complete bodily functions (Movement: arms, legs).
Bone cell: Osteoblasts form bone, osteocytes help maintain bone, and lining cells cover the surface of the bone.
Smooth muscle cell: Contracts and relaxes muscles so they can be able to complete bodily functions (Intestine, bladder, stomach).
Plant cell: It controls photosynthesis and is essential to the plants life (it is the only one that has chloroplast or cell wall).
Brain cells: They send out and receive signals of the brain, and they are called neurons.
The Organization of Life
Cells: Cells are the building blocks of life. Cells in our body have a specific shape depending on their function. Plant cells contain all of the organelles mentioned above. Animals cells do not have chloroplast or cell wall.
Tissues: Tissues are made up from groups of the same type of cell. The shape and function of the tissue is a result of the shape and function of the cell.
Organelles: Organelles are made up of macromolecules, and they interact with them. Organelles are small units that provide specific functions within the cells.
Organs: Organs are made from tissues that have the same function. Examples of the organs studied in class were.
Molecules: Made from multiple atoms that bond together. Molecules can be small or large. Life is made from huge molecules called macromolecules.
Organ System: An organ system is a group of organs that work together solve a specific function for the body.
Atoms: The smallest unit of matter. Made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
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Matter is Cycled
Water Cycle
Steps:
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Transpiration: water that evaporates from plants. Plants draw water out of the group and release water vapor into the atmosphere.
Condensation: (gas to water) - the water vapor/gas is cooled and changed back to a liquid inside a cloud.
Precipitation: when the water droplets become heavy, they form a liquid or a solid that falls to the ground as rain, hail, sleet, or snow.
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The water cycle is the movement of water from the ground, to the air, and back to the ground.
Carbon Cycle
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Steps:
Carbon enters the atmosphere as carbon dioxide from respiration (breathing) and combustion (burning).
Carbon dioxide is absorbed by producers (life forms that make their own food e.g. plants) to make carbohydrates in photosynthesis . These producers then put off oxygen.
Animals feed on the plants. Thus passing the carbon compounds along the food chain. Most of the carbon these animals consume however is exhaled as carbon dioxide. This is through the process of respiration. The animals and plants then eventually die.
The dead organisms (dead animals and plants) are eaten by decomposers in the ground. The carbon that was in their bodies is then returned to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. In some circumstances the process of decomposition is prevented. The decomposed plants and animals may then be available as fossil fuel in the future for combustion.
Energy Flows
Vocabulary
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Ecosystem: A carefully balanced system where plants and animals live and work together; this is also known as a community
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Food Chain: A group of living things in which the first is eaten by the second, the second is eaten by the third and so on
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Important Information
All food chains begin with the sun, then comes a producer which is a plant, then comes a consumer that usually is a herbivore, then an omnivore, and then a carnivore.
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If one link in a food chain is destroyed (dies), the entire chain is threatened. Each link works together to keep the ecosystem in balance.
All energy on Earth comes from the sun. Plants save extra energy and make their own food. Animals depend on the plant world to make their food.
Relationships
Interdependence
Parasitism: One species, the parasite, obtains some benefit and the other species, the host, is harmed.
Predator-prey relationships: A predator is an organism that eats another organism. The prey is the organism which the predator eats.
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Competition: Is an interaction between organisms or species in which both the organisms or species are harmed. Limited supply of at least one resource (such as food, water, and territory) used by both can be a factor.
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