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Brain (Sensory/Association Areas (Somatic sensation (Primary somatosensory…
Brain
Sensory/Association Areas
Somatic sensation
Primary somatosensory cortex
Function: receives info from sensory receptors and proprioceptors, involved in spatial discrimination
Somatosensory association cortex
Function: integrate sensory inputs to understand an object being felt, involved in object recognition by touch
Taste
Gustatory cortex
Function: perceive taste stimuli
Equilibrium
vestibular cortex
Function: conscious awareness of balance
Vision
Primary visual cortex
Function: receives visual information from the retina
Visual association aera
Function: uses past visual experiences to interpret stimuli, involved in object recognition by sight
Hearing
Auditory association area
Function: perception of sound stimulus- sound recognition
Primary auditory cortex
Function: receives impulses from ears, interpreted as pitch, loudness, location
Motor areas
Primary motor area
Function: consciously control precise and skilled voluntary movements of skeletal muscles
Premotor cortex
Function: plan movements, sequence basic motor movements into complex tasks
Frontal eye field
Function: controls voluntary movement of eyes
Broca's area
Function: involved in planning to speak, speech production
Diencephalon
Thalamus
Function: relay station for information to the brain, sends sensory information to the proper cortical areas, mediates motor activities, learning and memory, emotions, "key to cerebral cortex"
Hypothalamus
Function: visceral control center, keeps body at homeostasis --> controls ANS, initiates physical response to emotions, regulate body temp, regulate food intake, regulate thirst, regulate sleep/wake cycles, control endocrine system
Epithalamus
Function: contains the pineal gland, which secretes melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep/wake cycles
Brain stem
Midbrain
Function: contains cerebral aqueduct, which connect the third and fourth ventricles; corpora quadrigemina - superior colliculi = visual reflexes, inferior colliculi = auditory reflexes; substantia nigra - releases dopamine, linked to basal nuclei (involved in Parkinson's disease); red nucleus - relay nucleus in motor pathways that cause limb flexion
Pons
Function: made of conduction tracts; projection fibers are pathway between high brain centers and spinal cord; ventral fibers form cerebellar peduncles and connect pons with sides of cerebellum; have nuclei that help medulla oblongata maintain breathing rhythm
Medulla oblongata
Function: autonomic reflex center - maintaining homeostasis; cardiac center - rate of heart contraction, respiratory centers - generate respiratory rhythm; regulate activities like vomiting, hiccuping, swallowing, coughing, sneezing
Cerebral white matter
made up primarily of myelinated fibers
association fibers - connect different parts of the same hemisphere
commissural fibers - connect corresponding gray areas of two hemispheres
projection fibers- tie cortex to the rest of the nervous system and to the receptors and effectors, run vertically
Basal nuclei
subcortical nuclei - function: movement control
caudate nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus
Anterior Association Area
Function: memory of spatial tasks, executive area of task management, object recall, solving complex problems
Limbic system
Function: group of structures- amygdaloid body, fornix, cingulate gyrus - visceral emotional brain, involved in connecting memories and thoughts with emotions, involved in psychosomatic illnesses
Reticular activating system
Function: send stream of impulses toward the cerebral cortex, keeping conscious and alert, filters out repetitive/unnecessary stimuli
Cerebellum
Function: adjusts motor output, involved in coordination and balance by processing sensory input from cerebral motor cortex, brain stem nuclei, and sensory receptors