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Stephanie Yeung Period 3 (Periodic Table (Groups (Carbon family (4+/4-),…

- - - - 4+/4-
    - - 3-
    - - 3+
    - - 2-
    - - 2+
    - - 1-
    - - 1+
    - - 0
  - - - charge - 1+
      - mass - 1
      - location - nucleus
    - - charge - 0
      - mass - 1
      - location - nucleus
    - - mass - 0
      - charge - 1-
      - location - electron cloud
  - - - increase left/down
    - - increase up/right
    - - increase up/right
    - - metals: increase down/left
      - nonmetals: increase up/right
    - - increase up/right
  - - - Element
      - Compound
    - - Heterogeneous
      - Homogeneous
- - - - total mass of reacting substances = total mass of its products
    - - Decomposition
        
        AX --> A + X
      - Single Replacement
        
        A + BX --> AX + B
      - Synthesis
        
        A + X --> AX
      - Double Replacement
        
        AX + BY --> AY + BX
      - Combustion
        
        A + O2 --> AO
    - - Single & Double Replacement
        
        Net Ionic Equation: eliminates spectator ions
  - - - atoms, molecules, formula, units, or ions
    - - moles
    - - grams
  - - - count if the number contains a decimal point
    - - always count
    - - do not count
    - - always count
    - - have an infinite number
    - - in result = # in least precise measurement used in calculation
    - - in result = # of decimal places in least precise measurement used in calculation
- - - - arrow points toward more electronegative atom
      - direction of polar bond in molecule
    - - Seesaw
        
        AX4E
      - T-Shaped
        
        AX3E2, AX3E3
      - Octahedral
        
        AX6
      - Trigonal Bipyramidal
        
        AX5
      - Square Pyramidal
        
        AX5E
      - Trigonal Pyramidal
        
        AX3E
      - Tetrahedral
        
        AX4
      - Square Planar
        
        AX4E2
      - Trigonal Planar
        
        AX3
      - Bent
        
        AX2E, AX2E2
      - Linear
        
        AX2, AX2E3, AX2E4
    - - Hydrogen (& Halogens)
        
        1 covalent bond
      - Nitrogen (& Phosphorus)
        
        3 covalent bonds
      - Oxygen (& Sulfur)
        
        2 covalent bonds
      - Carbon (& Silicon)
        
        4 covalent bonds
      - octet rule
        
        atoms lose, gain, or share electrons in order to have a full valence level of 8 electrons
        
        exceptions: Hydrogen (2), Beryllium (4), Boron (6)
      - Resonance
        
        occurs when more than 1 valid structure can be written for a particular molecule
      - A
        
        represents the central atom
      - X
        
        represents how many single bonds are formed between central atoms and outside atoms
      - E
        
        represents number of lone electron pairs present on central atom
    - - electrons are unequally shared
      - electronegativity difference between 0.3--1.7
    - - electrons are equally shared
      - electronegativity difference between 0--0.3