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Successful aging (What is successful aging? (always put it into context eg…
Successful aging
What is successful aging? (always put it into context eg. biological, cognitive etc. because they might yield different definitions)
high cognitive & physical functional capacity (what the person could do rather than what the person does currently)
predictors: leisure activities, emotional support from family & friends, education, vigorous activity, peak pulmonary flow rate, self-efficacy -> explain 40% of the variance in cognitive test perfromance
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education: direct beneficial effect early in life on brain function or it might be a proxy for lifelong intellectual activities eg. reading, crossword puzzles
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newer definition: not only absence of disease but also the ability to cope with it & subjective feeling of aging sccessfully (despite maybe having health issues)
STAC & STAC-r
STAC:
- neural challenges: structural changes in the brain that occur with age eg. cortical thinning, regional atrophy, loss of WM integrity, dopamine depletion
- functional deterioration: maladaptive age-related brain activity eg. dedifferentiation/decreased specificity, dysregulation of default network
--> brain is dynamically adaptive structure that changes in positive & negative ways with age
- evidence from cross-sectional studies, only focus on one timepoint (already during aging)
STAC-r:
- incorporates life-course factors (risk factors & protective factors)
- factors influence the structure & function & cognition over time
- role of experience, genetics, environment (can also directly influence scaffolding)
- Neural resource enrichment (protective) eg. social, intellectual activities, education, fitness, bilingualism, leisure activities
- Neural Resource Depletion (risk) eg. APOE-4 gene increases the risk of AD, amyloid & tau deposition, smoking, obesity, diabetes, stress
Weaknesses? Intervention is very similar to neural resource enrichment and shouldn't be necessarily separated. Eg. Education is a lifelong intervention.
compensatory scaffolding:
- to counteract the adverse effects of neural & functional decline, to enable maintenance & efficiency
- like a positive plasticity
- engagement of supplementary neural circuitry (additional support) to preserve cognitive function eg. bilateral activation, distributed processing, neurogenesis (limited in aging), frontal recruitment
- can be enhanced with: new learning, engagement, exercise
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How combined effects of adverse & compensatory neural processes produce varying levels of cognitive function...
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Intra-individual variability: risk factor for emergence of disease
- short-term variations & changes in physiological/psychological characteristics
- might reflect loss of underlying reserve
- predictor of mortality
How can resilience help with stressful life events?
- flexibility, rapidity with which people recover from stressful episodes ad return to stability & good function (successful agers are better than normal agers)