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slopes and slope processes (Causes of rockfalls (weathering - wearing away…

- - - - Undercutting (stream undercutting can lead to failure but also to more stable slopes.
      - Loading- houses, dams
      - Rainfall events- Lubrication and loading.
      - shock - earthquake, or eruption.
    - - Weathering
      - Progressive failure.
- - - - Debris flows- requires debris (regolith loose material), water and STEEP Slopes (moves under gravity).
      - Mix of granular soils, clays, air (allows pressure to increase, acts like a battering ram) and water.
      - No distinct shoar plane at base (shoar evenly distributed through depth).
      - Velocity variation through profile. Laminar flow- fluid in parallel layers, no disruption between the 2, although they can slide past one and other. Internal turbulance- Mixing
      - Capable of moving large clasts due to high pore pressure (pore water pressure- refers to the pressure of groundwater (water held beneath earth's surface in soil pore spaces) held within a rock or soil, in gaps between particles (pores)) (water under a lot of stress allowing boulders to be buoyant).
    - - Fine grined material (clay sized)
      - High fluidity, lots of water (up to 60%)
      - can occur at very low angled slopes (5-15%) due to low viscosity.
      - Failure that occurs over a discrete boundary.
      - Elongated as they are so fluid they can travel for a long time.
      - Three distinct elements- supply scar (where it is from), frack (run out) and toe.
    - - Particles lifted up in a direction normal to the slope.
      - Fine grained material (often soils) lifted (often due to growth of ice or addition of water that swells sediment lifting it away from the surface.then falls down the slope by gravity.
      - Particles settle in a versicle direction to a location downslope from an original location.
      - 2 main types of creep- continuous creep and seasonal creep.
        
        Seasonal creep- Movement of material due to seaosnal expansions and contractions due to seaonal change. Water undergoes volume changes (freezing= expansion of 9%).
        
        solifluction- slow downslope flow of sediment saturated with water.
        Gelifluction- same as solification but moving material slides over a slick permafrost layer.
        
        Leads to burrows being closed off and curved tree roots (as trees always wishing to face the sunlight).