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Unit 2 : Cognitive Psychology: The Cognitive Science Approach (Memory…
Unit 2 : Cognitive Psychology: The Cognitive Science
Approach
Mental Representation
Visuals (Perception)
Representation of concepts
Concepts don't have truth values
concepts are represented in brains as a network of nodes
meanings and links are stored in a propositional network
Verbal
(Meaning-based)
Representation of propositions
human thought can be form of
meaning/ verbal/ language
expression of the relationship between concepts
truth value = either true or false
propositional stored in unconscious component known as Long-Term Memory.
Categorisation
process by which things are placed into groups called categories.
allow us to identify special characteristics of particular item
Concepts & Categories
Concepts
= general idea or understanding that is derived from specific instances
Categories
= a class of similar things
3 theoretical approaches
The
Feature
Approach
categorized based upon the number of features
more features in common, more typical something is of a given
not all concepts can be defined by a set of necessary and sufficient features
e.g Bird : has wings (not penguins), can fly (not ostriches), has beak, lay eggs, has beady little eyes.
The
Exemplar
Approach
store all examples of category members (not abstract averages)
requires an exhaustive serial search
compare the new item to stored examples
The
Prototype
Approach
best example of a category
store a prototypical representation of a concept
prototype levels
Subordinate
Superordinate
Basic
similarity of an example encountered to prototypes stored in our mind
Contribution to Cognitive Science
The Notion of Scripts
Script is a simple, well structured sequence of events associated with a highly familiar activity
Script = sequences of stored knowledge
provide the underlying mental frameworks for our procedural knowledge
Mental Imagery
Mental representation of stimuli that are not physically present
Mental Imagery are use
Memory Retrieval
Problem Solving
Producing descriptions
Mental Practice
Motivational states
Daydreaming and association
Experimental evidence for mental imagery
Mental Rotation
Image Scanning
Problem Solving
an initial state - the current state
goal state (the desired outcome)
a path for reaching the goal
Problem
the situation people face when they want something but do not know right away what to do to get it
Transformation problems
Arrangement problems
Comprehension problems
Problem Solving Processes
Representing the problem
Selecting an appropriate strategy
Identifying the problem
Implementing the strategy
Evaluating solutions
Memory
Sensory Memory
incoming sensory input from the environment remains briefly before decaying and becomes completely lost
purpose : to hold information just long enough for some of it to be selected for further processing in working memory
Capacity : large / unlimited
Duration : less than a second before it starts to decay
Short Term Memory
receives input from sensory memory and long- term memory
capacity : limited
duration : retain information briefly - 30 seconds
most people can retain
7+- 2 chunks
in Short Term Memory at a time
Long-Term Memory
place for storing large amounts of information for indefinite periods of time
Capacity : Unlimited
Duration : Permanent / Long
to prevent loss of information from working memory, and to ensure its being transfer to LTM,
encoding
is necessary
Encoding
: the process of placing information into long-term memory
Elaborative rehearsal
Mnemonics
Rehearsal
Retrieval
: the process of locating information that has been previously stored in LTM
Recall
: retrieve previously stored information without cues or hints to help them remember. e..g essay questions
Recognition
: set of pregenerated stimuli presented to learners for a decision or judgement
Types of information in memory
Declarative
Episodic memory
: events that we have experienced personally
Semantic memory
: abstract and general knowledge about facts and concepts
Procedural
: related to performance of various skills