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Prosocial Behaviour (Who? (Evolutionary Explanations (Kin selection theory…
Prosocial Behaviour
Who?
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Similar others
- help those we perceive to be similar
- sexuality, beliefs, attire
- increases our ability to relate to what they're experiencing
- increase emotional empathy & empathic concern
- effect less so for gender
a. MEN help WOMEN more than other men
b. NO GENDER BIAS among WOMEN
- Race more complex
a. link to aversive racism (explicit x racist, implicit racist)
b. different-race helping bias in face-to-face interactions
c. avoidance in social disapproval
- less likely to help person of other race, especially can attribute unhelpful response to something other than race
a. "We need to take care of our homeless first"
b. "I do have compassion toward them, but it should be the responsibility of their ppl to look after them"
c. "We cannot compromise the safety of our children - how do we now they aren't terrorists among them?"
Outgroups
Defensive helping
- help in order to reduce the treat they pose to ingroup's status or distinctiveness
- makes them seem dependent on our help
- increases perception of incompetence of outgroup
- Exp: help other class group, military-led interventions
Deserving Others
- more likely to help someone if we attribute the cause of their problem to external, uncontrollable factors
- due to norm of social justice & just-world-belief
- Exp: victims of natural disasters vs victims of conflict (refugees)
When?
Bystander Intervention Model
1. Notice that something unusual is happening2. Correctly interpret the event as an emergency3. Decide whether it is your responsibility to provide help4. Decide if you have the ability to act5. Make final decision to help or not
Bystander Effect
- number of bystander increase, likelihood of bystander intervention decreases
*unless he is ingroup member!
Diffusion of responsibility
- assume that someone else will do it
Pluralistic ignorance
- dependence on others to provide cues
- less likely to respond if others fail to respond
Audience Inhibition Effect
- fear that other bystander will negatively evaluate them if they intervene in a situation that is not an emergency
- more likely when others are reacting calmly & situation is ambiguous
- especially likely among those sensitive to embarrassment
Identifiable Victim Effect
- individual & identifiable, victim > anonymous individuals (statistical victims)--> evoke stronger feelings of empathy --> increase help
- statistical victims
- increase tendency to categorize
b. abstract concept, hard to relate
c. numbers --> analytical thinking > emotional response
d. more likely to evaluate effectiveness of help they can provide
- effect disappears when ppl made aware of it
a. less likely to help identifiable victims, same to statistical victims
b. aware of effect increases likelihood of analytical thinking
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