Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy and Physiology

human body like efficient machine

when body malfunctions -> disease/disorder

h.c.w. needs to understand normal body function

Terms

Anatomy- study of form/structure of an organism

Physiology- study of processes of living organisms

pathophysiology- study of how disease affects body functions

Different Types of Diseases

Congenital

Inherited

Infectious

Degenerative

Protoplasm

basic substance of life

made of ordinary elements (C, O, H, N, P)

scientists can combine such elements, but cannot create life

cytoplasm and nucleoplasm

Cell

made of protoplasm

microscopic structure

carry on all functions of life

body has trillions of cells that vary in shape and size

Cell Parts

Cell Membrane - outer covering of cell, a.k.a. plasma membrane, semi-permeable

Cytoplasm - semi-fluid, inside the cell, outside the nucleus, contains 70-90% H2O

Nucleus - mass in the ctyoplasm, separated by nuclear membrane, control center

Nucleolus - 1 or more small round bodies in the nucleus, important in cellular reproduction, makes ribosomes

Chromatin

Found in the nucleus

made of DNA and protein

chromatin condenses into chromosomes during cell reproduction

Centrosome

located near the nucleus in the cytoplasm

has 2 centrioles

centrioles separate during mitosis

Mitochondria

rod shaped

powerhouse of the cell

breaks down food into ATP (adrenosine triphosphate)

Golgi Apparatus

Stack of membrane layers

in the cytoplasm

produces, stores, and packages secretions for discharge from cells

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Vacuoles

network of tubular structures

smooth ER

not present in all cells

Allows for transport of materials in and out of nucleus and aids in protein synthesis

Rough ER

has ribosomes

site for protein synthesis

pouch like structure

vacular membrane

filled with watery substance

stores waste/food products

Lysosomes

oval/round

L Y S O L

contains digestive enzymes that digest/destroy old cells, bacterium, and foreign material

important function to the body's immune system

Pinocystic Vesicle

pocket/fold in the cell membrane

allows large molecules such as fat or protein to enter the cell

folds and closes to form bubbles

Cellular Reproduction

mitosis

asexual reproduction

centrioles move to opposite sides

nuclear membrane dissapears

spindle fibers attach

Mitosis

sex cells divide (gametes)

egg & sperm meet

zygote

stem cells can transform into any cell

Tissue

cells joined together

tissue is 60-99% water- salt water

Dehydration - insuffecient tissue fluid

Edema - swelling of the tissue due to excess fluid

Types of Tissue

Epitheleal

Connective

Nerve

Muscle