Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy and Physiology
human body like efficient machine
when body malfunctions -> disease/disorder
h.c.w. needs to understand normal body function
Terms
Anatomy- study of form/structure of an organism
Physiology- study of processes of living organisms
pathophysiology- study of how disease affects body functions
Different Types of Diseases
Congenital
Inherited
Infectious
Degenerative
Protoplasm
basic substance of life
made of ordinary elements (C, O, H, N, P)
scientists can combine such elements, but cannot create life
cytoplasm and nucleoplasm
Cell
made of protoplasm
microscopic structure
carry on all functions of life
body has trillions of cells that vary in shape and size
Cell Parts
Cell Membrane - outer covering of cell, a.k.a. plasma membrane, semi-permeable
Cytoplasm - semi-fluid, inside the cell, outside the nucleus, contains 70-90% H2O
Nucleus - mass in the ctyoplasm, separated by nuclear membrane, control center
Nucleolus - 1 or more small round bodies in the nucleus, important in cellular reproduction, makes ribosomes
Chromatin
Found in the nucleus
made of DNA and protein
chromatin condenses into chromosomes during cell reproduction
Centrosome
located near the nucleus in the cytoplasm
has 2 centrioles
centrioles separate during mitosis
Mitochondria
rod shaped
powerhouse of the cell
breaks down food into ATP (adrenosine triphosphate)
Golgi Apparatus
Stack of membrane layers
in the cytoplasm
produces, stores, and packages secretions for discharge from cells
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Vacuoles
network of tubular structures
smooth ER
not present in all cells
Allows for transport of materials in and out of nucleus and aids in protein synthesis
Rough ER
has ribosomes
site for protein synthesis
pouch like structure
vacular membrane
filled with watery substance
stores waste/food products
Lysosomes
oval/round
L Y S O L
contains digestive enzymes that digest/destroy old cells, bacterium, and foreign material
important function to the body's immune system
Pinocystic Vesicle
pocket/fold in the cell membrane
allows large molecules such as fat or protein to enter the cell
folds and closes to form bubbles
Cellular Reproduction
mitosis
asexual reproduction
centrioles move to opposite sides
nuclear membrane dissapears
spindle fibers attach
Mitosis
sex cells divide (gametes)
egg & sperm meet
zygote
stem cells can transform into any cell
Tissue
cells joined together
tissue is 60-99% water- salt water
Dehydration - insuffecient tissue fluid
Edema - swelling of the tissue due to excess fluid
Types of Tissue
Epitheleal
Connective
Nerve
Muscle