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III- What are the different actors of globalisation? (Organisations from…
III- What are the different actors of globalisation?
Private actors
Transnational companies (TNCs) or Transnational firms (TNFs)
They are often financially more powerful than States themselves
Companies organising their production on a global scale, that is to say deploying their activities in several countries
TNCs are big companies with a high sales
Their global network is composed of
Place to manifacture their goods : TNCs generally subcontract part of their production to subsidiary companies/suppliers or subcontractors
Headquarters and design/R&D and the marketing strategy
Transport companies
Shops/Stores
North TNCs : Apple, Nestlé
Asian TNCs : ArcelorMittal, China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation, ONGC
2/3 of world trade
25% of the world's GDP
Public actors
States
Can give optimal conditions to encourage compagnies to develop or to invest in their territory
Intergovernmental organisations/international organisations
The United Nations and its agencies
The United Nations Children's Funds (UNICEF)
Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO)
The World Health Organisation (WHO)
They work on world development and on ways to improve standards of living and the human conditions generally
The World Trade Organisation (WTO)
The World Bank (WB)
The International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Regional agreements and organisations
Goal : Reducing and even supressing customs duties/tariffs between its members
NAFTA (USMCA --> US + Mexico + Canada) => ALENA in French
ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asia)
MERCOSUR (Mercado Común del Sur) => Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay
EU
Informal government of the planet
G8 : USA, Canada, UK, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia
G20 : G8, South Africa, Saudi Arabia, Australia, Brazil, China, South Korea, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Turkey + EU
Organisations from the civil society
Non-governmental organisation (NGOs)
Charitable goal : helping people affected by armed conflicts, protecting human rights, protecting the environment, health, fighting against poverty
Red Cross, Amnesty International, Greenpeace, WWF, Doctors Without Borders, Oxfam (in order)
Unions
Protect the workers' rights
China Labour Watch
Consumers organisations
Fighting for consumers' rights
Spontaneous movements
Use social networks themselves
They all denounce the excesses of globalisation, and they ask for more regulation
GAFAM : Google, Amazon, Facebook, Apple, Microsoft