III- What are the different actors of globalisation?
Private actors
Transnational companies (TNCs) or Transnational firms (TNFs)
Public actors
States
Intergovernmental organisations/international organisations
Regional agreements and organisations
Organisations from the civil society
Non-governmental organisation (NGOs)
Unions
Consumers organisations
Spontaneous movements
Can give optimal conditions to encourage compagnies to develop or to invest in their territory
The United Nations and its agencies
The United Nations Children's Funds (UNICEF)
Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO)
The World Health Organisation (WHO)
They work on world development and on ways to improve standards of living and the human conditions generally
The World Trade Organisation (WTO)
The World Bank (WB)
The International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Informal government of the planet
G8 : USA, Canada, UK, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia
G20 : G8, South Africa, Saudi Arabia, Australia, Brazil, China, South Korea, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Turkey + EU
Goal : Reducing and even supressing customs duties/tariffs between its members
NAFTA (USMCA --> US + Mexico + Canada) => ALENA in French
ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asia)
MERCOSUR (Mercado Común del Sur) => Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay
Charitable goal : helping people affected by armed conflicts, protecting human rights, protecting the environment, health, fighting against poverty
Protect the workers' rights
Use social networks themselves
They all denounce the excesses of globalisation, and they ask for more regulation
They are often financially more powerful than States themselves
Companies organising their production on a global scale, that is to say deploying their activities in several countries
TNCs are big companies with a high sales
Their global network is composed of
Place to manifacture their goods : TNCs generally subcontract part of their production to subsidiary companies/suppliers or subcontractors
Headquarters and design/R&D and the marketing strategy
Transport companies
Shops/Stores
North TNCs : Apple, Nestlé
Asian TNCs : ArcelorMittal, China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation, ONGC
2/3 of world trade
25% of the world's GDP
China Labour Watch
Red Cross, Amnesty International, Greenpeace, WWF, Doctors Without Borders, Oxfam (in order)
Fighting for consumers' rights
GAFAM : Google, Amazon, Facebook, Apple, Microsoft
EU