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Linguistics (Part 1) (Universal properties of language (modularity…
Linguistics (Part 1)
Universal properties of language
modularity
Phonology (sound)
Morphology (words)
Semantic and pragmatic (meaning)
Syntax (rules of sentence pattern)
constituency and recursion
organized into constituents
recursion
discreteness
continuous stream of sound divided into individual unit
Phoneme (/b/,/a/,/t/)
productivity
combine minimal units of meaning (morpheme) into novel
Morpheme (s, ed)
arbitrariness
no principled or systematic connection between words and their meanings
Onomatopoeia (meow, clang)
reliance on context
reliance on connection between form (what is said) and context (when, where, by whom and to whom it is said)
variability
depending on who's speaking and the situation in which they are speaking (different dialect)
The relevance of the rules to cognitive science
appreciate what was involved in the new linguistics of 20th century
establish a formal means of encoding rules of language
rules that are mad explicits
develop linguistic capabilities in computers
how infants acquire rules
Noam Chomsky
inborn linguistic capacity of human
Universal Grammar (UG)
Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
walking proceeds due to maturation
language development occurs if the environment provides exposure to language
Approaches in the field of linguistics
Edward Aspiration and Benjamin Lee Whorf
native language shape our thinking and ideas development
relation of language and culture
language serves to shape thought
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
linguistic determinism
linguistic relativity
Ferdinand de Saussure
contemporary linguistics
underlying the actual utterances of speakers of a given language is a shared structure
Langue (linguistics system internalized by speakers of a language) - linguistic competence
Parole (act of speaking) - linguistic performance
John B. Watson and B.F.Skinner
rise of behaviorist paradigm
B.F.Skinner
explain the major aspects of linguistic behavior within the behaviorist framework
Noam Chomsky refuted Skinner's argument
John B. Watson
what goes on in the mind that is not directly observable or measurable is not an appropriate and useful subject of research
Meaning
The science of language
The scientific study of human natural language
Sort of rules
descriptive rules
description of mental grammar internalized
prescriptive rules
prescription of the grammar
Language
accumulation of shared meaning - of common ground
extraordinary ability to describe the contents of our thoughts
Uniqueness of human language
acquired with no conscious awareness
linguistic knowledge (knowledge of language)
sound system
words
creativity
sentences and non-sentences
Grammar
components of language
Morphology
Syntax
Phonology
Semantics
Phonetics
Pragmatics
Linguistic competence
effortlessly and usually without awareness
rules if language
parts that are left out
recognize and create ambiguous sentences
paraphrase
utterance
Return of the cognitive: Contemporary Linguistics
Noam Chomsky
vast and largely unconscious rules exist in human mind
proposed method of formalizing rules of language components
syntactic component (rules of arrangement of words into sentences)