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Rebuild (Radical Reconstruction (After sweeping the elections of 1866, the…
Rebuild
Johnson's Plan
In May 1865, Johnson issued his own Reconstruction proclamation that was very similar to Lincoln's 10 percent pan.
It provided the disfranchisement (Loss of right to vote and hold office) of all former leaders and officeholders of the Confederacy.
Confederates with more than $20,00 in taxable property were also disfranchised.
The President retained the power to grant individual pardons to "Disloyal" Southerners. This was an escape clause for the wealthy planters. As a result of the pardon, many former Confederate leaders were back in office by the fall of 1865.
Radical Reconstruction
After sweeping the elections of 1866, the Radical Republicans gained almost complete control over policymaking in Congress.
Along with their more moderate Republican allies, they gained control of the House of Representatives and the Senate and thus gained sufficient power to override any potential vetoes by President Andrew Johnson.
Congress began the task of Reconstruction by passing the First Reconstruction Act in March 1867. Also known as the Military Reconstruction Act or simply the Reconstruction Act, the bill reduced the secessionist states to little more than conquered territory, dividing them into five Military Districts, each governed by a Union general. Congress declared Martial Law in the territories, dispatching troops to keep the peace and protect former slaves.
Congress also declared that southern states needed to redraft their constitutions, ratify the Fourteenth Amendment, and provide suffrage to blacks in order to seek readmission into the Union
To further safeguard voting rights for former slaves, Republicans passed the Second Reconstruction Act, placing Union troops in charge of voter registration. Congress overrode two presidential vetoes from Johnson to pass the bills.
While Radicals in Congress successfully passed rights legislation, southerners all but ignored these laws. The newly formed southern governments established public schools, but they were still segregated and did not receive enough funding. Black literacy rates did improve, but marginally at best.
Lincoln's Plan
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Full presidential pardons would be granted to most Confederates who took an oath of allegiance to the Union and the U.S Constitution and accepted the emancipation of slaves.
A State government could be reestablished and accepted as legitimate by the U.S president as soon as at least 10% of the voters in that state took the loyalty oath.
In practice, this proclamation meant that each Southern state would be required to rewrite its state constitution to eliminate of slavery.
This plan was designed to shorten the war and to give added weight to his Emancipation Proclamation.
The Compromise of 1877
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In return, Hayes would immediately end federal support for the Republicans in the South and support the building of a Southern transcontinental railroad.
Hayes also had to withdraw the last of the federal troops protecting the African Americans and other Republicans in the remaining 2 Southern States.
The end of a federal military presence in the South was one of the things that brought Reconstruction to an end.
The Compromise of 1877 resolved the disputed 1876 presidential election between Democratic candidate Samuel Tilden and Republican candidate Rutherford B. Hayes.
President Hayes’ withdrawal of federal troops from Louisiana and South Carolina marked a major turning point in American political history, effectively ending the Reconstruction Era and issuing in the system of Jim Crow.