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Lymphatic and Immune System (Cell Structures, Organs and Tissues (Major…
Lymphatic and Immune System
Lymphocyte Roles
Granulocytes
A type of lymphocyte denoted by granules in the cell structure
Neutrophils
Destroy bacteria by phagocytosis
Basophils
Secrete substances that bring about inflammation (causes capillaries to leak more leukocytes)
Release Histamine
Eosinophils
Turn off allergic response
Kill parasites
Attaches to bacteria
Perform phgocytosis on the allergen
Agranulocytes
A type of lymphocyte denoted by it lack of granules in the cell structure
Monocytes
Perform Phagocytosis (Cell Eating)
Become Macrophages when they leave the blood stream
Lymphocytes
Mount the immune response
Direct response with T-Lymphocytes or B-Lymphocytes (Antibodies)
Lymph Circulation in the Body
Distal Blood Capillary Bed
Lymphatic Capillary
Lymphatic Vessels
(With Valves)
Lymph Nodes
Lymph Vessels
(Larger ones)
Lymph Trunks
Lymph Ducts
Thoracic Duct
Left side of head, neck, and thorax
Left Upper Limb
Left Upper Abdomen
Lower Half of Body
1 more item...
Right Lymphatic Duct
Right side of head, neck and thorax
Right Upper Limb
Right Upper Abdomen
1 more item...
Cell Structures, Organs and Tissues
Major Cells
T-Lymphocytes
Created in the Thymus
Bind with the Antigens on a foreign cell
(Antigen - a foreign molecule that induces a response from a Lymphocyte)
Secretes a protein that lyse the cell
(Lyse - cut the plasma membrane causing the cell to die)
B-Lymphocytes
Created in the Bone Marrow
Already Immunocompetent in the bone marrow
Transforms into a plasma cell
Creates millions of "Y" shaped Antibodies
Antibodies bind with Antigens on foreign cells to mark a pathogen for destruction
Macrophages eat the cells marked for destruction
Organs
Thymus
Location
Above the Heart
Mediastinum
Structure
Epithelial Reticular Tissue
Function
Immunity
Production of T-Lymphocytes
Spleen
Location
Upper Left Abdominal Quadrant
Posterior to the Stomach
Structure
Reticular Tissue
Largest of the Lymph organs
Function
Destroy Antigens
Removal and "Recycling" of Erythrocytes
Mucosa Associated Lymphatic Tissue
Has abundant Lymphocytes
Located in places that are open to the outside (i.e. Digestive, Respiratory, Urinary, and Reproductive)
Mucosa - Mucus Membranes (Epithelial Tissue)
Tonsils
Dense clusters of MALT that attract bacteria as it enters through the mouth
Palatine
Posterior to the mouth on the lateral sides of the pharyngeal wall
Lingual
Posterior surface of the tongue
Pharyngeal
Lies on the Pharyngeal Roof
Also called adenoids
Tubal
Behind the openings to the pharyngotympanic tubes into the pharynx
Tube that leads to the ear
Lymph Nodules
Location
Small Intestines
Appendix
Structure
Reticular Tissue
Function
Destroy pathogens
Make memory lymphocytes
Function of Lymphatic System
Works with the Immune System to combat foreign and cancer cells
Takes up extra interstitial fluid and returns it to the blood
Components typically found in areas with Areolar Connective Tissue to have space to work
Components and their Characteristics
Vessels
Differences
Lymph
Single layer of epithelial tissue
Large Lymph Vessels have valves (like veins)
Lymph flows from a distal region of the body towards the heart
Blood
Single layer of epithelial tissue
Flows in a closed circuit (no beginning or end)
Features
Filament Anchors
Fibers that hold the lymph vessel to the surrounding tissue
Clefts
Flap like mini-valves that are forced open by pressure
Take in the interstitial fluid
Lymphatic Capillary
Smallest of the lymphatic vessels
Commonly found in Blood Capillary Bed
Lymph Vessel
The second largest lymphatic vessel
Valves located here
Connects Lymph capillaries to Lymph nodes
Lymph Trunk
The third largest lymphatic vessel
Convergence of larger lymphatic vessels
5 Major Trunks: Lumbar, Intestinal, Bronchomediastinal, Subclavian, and Jugular
Lymph Ducts
The largest of the Lymph Vessels
Two major ducts: Thoracic and Right Lymphatic
Empties Lymph into the Blood Veins to go to the heart
Fluids
Interstitial Fluid
Excess fluid that is re-absorbed by the Lymphatic Capillaries
Fluid Contains: Proteins, Cell Wastes (CO2), Cancerous Cells, Bacteria, and Viruses)
Blood
Fluid leaks from leaky capillaries
Some proteins leak out
Some fluid is re-absorbed by the blood capillaries
Lymph
The interstitial fluid that has been taken up into the Lymphatic vessels
Lymphocytes can get into the Lymph
Lymph Nodes
Structure
Shaped like a bean
Afferent Vessels go into the lymph node, there are many of these type
Efferent Vessels leave the lymph nodes, there are only one or two of these type
Composed of Reticular fibers covered by endothelial cells
Function
Takes lymph from the vessels and destroys the antigens or foreign cells
Major Locations
Found in: Cervical, Axillary, Mammary, Tonsils, Mediastinum, Abdominal Aorta, Inguinal