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Oral Manifestations of systemic diseases (Hyperparathyroidism (Excessive…

- - - - Anemia: Reduction in Oxygen carrying capacity of blood, Most often related to decrease in # of circulating RBC's.
        
        Nutritional Anemias: Deficiency of substance required for normal development of RBC's, commonly vitamins
        
        Suppression of Bone marrow stem cells
        
        Folic Acid & Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia: Can be associated w/Malnutrition, may be found in alcoholism or pregnancy, oral manifestations are same as pernicious anemia. Dx: Serum assays of folic acid & vitamin B12.
        
        Clinical Features of Anemia: Pallor of Skin and oral mucosa, Angular cheilitis, Erythema and atrophy of oral mucosa, loss of filiform and fungiform papillae on dorsum of tongue
        
        Iron Deficiency Anemia:Insufficient amount of Iron supplied to bone marrow for RBC development, may occur as result of deficient iron intake, blood loss from heavy menstrual bleeding or chronic GI bleeding, poor iron absorption or increased requirement for iron in situations such as pregnancy or infancy.
        PLUMMER-VINSON SYNDROME: may result from long standing iron deficiency anemia. Includes dysphagia, atrophy of upper alimentary tract & predisposition to develop oral cancer. Often Asymptomatic or have non-specific symptoms such as Weakness and fatigue or sever cases:Angular Cheilitis, pallor of oral tissue & erythematous, smooth, painful tongue. Dx: Lab tests show low hemoglobin content & reduced hematocrit. Tx: Dietary supplements
        
        Pernicious Anemia: Probably Autoimmune disorder, may be cause by removal of Stomach, gastric cancer or gastritis, Deficiency in intrinsic factor which is secreted by parietal cells in stomach, necessary for vitamin B absorption. Weakness, Pallor & fatigue on exertion, may also see nausea, dizziness, diarrhea, ab pain, loss of appetite & weight loss, Angular Cheilitis, mucosal pallor, painful atrophic & erythematous mucosa, mucosal ulceration, loss of papillae on dorsum of tongue, burning & painful tongue. Dx: Lab tests show low serum B12 levels & gastric achlorhydria, Schilling test detects inability to absorb oral Vitamin B12. Tx: Injections of Vitamin B12,