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Chapter 23: Seed Plants 2: Angiosperms (Classification of Flowering Plants…
Chapter 23: Seed Plants 2: Angiosperms
Concepts
Greatest number of living species: 257,000
all classified under a single division, the Magnoliophyta
Often referred to as the Angiospermophyta
Most advanced group of plants
peak of plant evolution
named for having flowers
seperates angiosperms from other clades
numerous methods of mutually beneficial relationships
Process of double fertilization
Changing concepts of Early Angiosperms
Ranalean flower hypothesis
flower is generalized and has all its parts, these are arranged spirally
carpels in a superior position
monophyletic
double fertilization
developmental plasticity
represent both dicot and eudicot
Classification of Flowering Plants
Angiosperms
monocots
one cotyledon on each embryo
parallel veins
leaves elongated and strap shaped
vascular bundles distributed throughout the stem
not restricted to one ring
never have ordinary secondary growth
groups or multiple of 3's for flowers
3 carpels, 3 stamens and 3 petals
80-100 million species
eudicots
two cotyledons
reticulate ventilation in leaves
vascular bundles occur in only one ring
can be woody, herbaceous or succulent
flowers in groups of 5's
Basal Angiosperms
small soft bodied herbs with vascular bundles scattered like in monocots
lack any wood
most stems submerged underwater
exposure to ordinary conditions on land would kill it
large colorful flowers
have nothing in common with gymnosperms or seed ferns
Monocots
herbs with no vascular cambium or little cambial activity
the gynoecia is composed of several carpels (usually 3)
free of each other or slightly fused
perianth consists of 3 outer and 3 inner members
called tepals
rarely fuse to each other with a tube
Monocots have evolved
parallel ventilation
become more reduced, simple and without a blade
form more adaptive for submerged lifestyle
Alismatales
aquatic herbs
found in swamps and marshes
partly or completely submerged
no transpiration
causes lose in stomata
air chambers make it buoyant
don't waste carbon and energy
Liliales
defined as "petaloid" monocots
large colorful flowers
1,300 species
spots or lines on the petals defining
Asparagales
their carpals fuse side by side starting at base
fused sides called septa
dont fuse all the way up to the style
open areas secrete nectar, called septal nectaries
broad diversity
onions & chives
orchids
Basal Dicots
Santalales
900 species
Santalum
mistletoe is common
parasitic
small order of highly modified plants
Caryophyllales
instead of nucellus cells they have nutritive tissues called perisperm
have modified sepals that can be perceived as petals
while most flowers have anthocyanin pigments all caryophyllales produce a betalains water-soluble pigment
Rosid Clade
takes in many families that as a whole are so diverse
with respect to the vegetative boys, flowers, chemistry, and ecology
fabids
malvids
pinnately compound leaves
50,000 species
Asterids Clade
most derived large clade
contains plants such as sunflowers, periwinkle, petunia and morning glory
sympetalous flowers
few stamens not more than petal lobes
stamens alternate with petals
exploit very specialized pollinators
important medically
Pictures
