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13.4 the cardiovascular system adapts to physiological stress

Capillaries

factors affecting blood flow

Venules

Arterioles

Veins

Arteries

Smallest vessel; endothelial cells; only tunica intima; permit exchange of gasses, nutrients and wastes; connect arterioles to venules; arrangement varies by tissue being supplied;

smaller arteries; may help form anastosomes by uniting with branches of other arteries supplying the same region; deliver blood to capillaries; regulate BP;

Smaller lumen than vein; largest is the aorta; blood is high n oxygen; higher pressure than veins; tri-layered like like trident GUM; ventricular systole is highest bp

tunica I&E;

Larger lumen than vein; carry blood toward heart; low pressure; contain valves; high in co2; large - serve as blood reservoir especially in skin

S T R U C T U R E

Tunica Media - middle layer; contains smooth muscle tissue in a framework of collagen and elastic fibers; when smooth muscles contract, vessel diameter decreases - relaxation=increased diameter

Tunica externa (aventitia) - forms sheath of connective tissue around the vessel; collagen fibers my intertwine with those of adjacent tissues stabilizing and anchoring blood vessel

Tunica intimia (interna) - innermost layer; includes endothelial lining and underlying layer of connective tissue dominated by elastic fibers

vascular resistance

viscosity - resistance to flow resulting from interactions among molecules and suspended materials in a liquid

pressure

turbulence - cause 3rd and 4th heart sounds

resistance

interplay between pressure and resistance

CV pressures within the systemic circuit

BP (arterial pressure)

Capillary pressure and capillary exchange

venous pressure

autoregulation

neural regulation

barorecetors - pressoreceptors; detect changes in BP in aorta and in carotid arteries ; ones that function in regulation of BP are located in carotid sinus

chemoreceptors - detect changes in key blood chemical concentrations (H+, CO2, O2)

Hormones/Endocrine Regulation

force exerted against a liquid generates fluid(hydrostatic) pressure that is conducted in all directions; pressure difference=flow from high BP to low BP, pressure gradient;

circulatory pressure - pressure difference, avg 100 mmHg

three components

arterial pressure - used for blood pressure

capillary pressure

venous pressure

any force that opposes movement; circulatory BP must be great enough to overcome total peripheral resistance (resistance of entire CV system; greatest pressure difference is ~65 mmHg

peripheral resistance - resistance of arterial system

viscosity ⬆ = bp ⬆

turbulence - blood hitting walls of blood vessels

vascular resistance is...

resistance of blood vessels to blood flow

mostly occurs in arterioles(extremely muscular); local, neural, and hormonal stimuli that stimulate or inhibit contractions of this smooth muscle tissue adjust diameter

small diameter change produces large change in resistance

most important factor is friction between the blood and the vessel wall (friction depends on length and diameter of the vessel); controlled by changing diameter of blood vessels

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13.5 the pulmonary and systemic circuits of the cardiovascular system exhibit 3 general functional patterns

13.6 In the pulmonary circuit, deoxygenated blood enters the lungs in arteries and oxygenated blood leaves lungs in veins

13.7 the systemic circuit carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to tissues other than the lungsa exchange surfaces an returns deO2 blood to the right atrium

at rest 5.8 liters/min

as exercise begins

extensive vasodilation
venous return increases
cardiac output increases

precapillary sphincters - alter peripheral resistance

vasodilators - promote dilation of precapillary sphincters

vasoconstrictors -stimulate the constriction of precapillary sphincters

13.8 - modifications of fetal and maternal cardiovascular systems promote exchange of materials, and independence is achieved at birth

diffusion (most common) - lipid soluble substances pass through endothelial cell membrane, water soluble passes through gaps between endothelial cells

vesicular transport ( endo/exocytosis)

bulk flow (filtration and absorption)

filtration - hydrostatic (blood) pressure; colloid osmotic pressure (osmosis) draws fluid back into capillary

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tachycardia - rapid hr

bradycardia - slow hr

pulse pressure- difference between systolic and diastolic bp

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venule side blood moves into vessel - bop ⬆ chp

no net fluid movement - chp = bop

arterial side blood moves into tissues - capillary hydrostatic pressure ⬆ blood osmotic pressure

hemorrhage

long term (fluid retention)- ADH, aldosterone, increase thirst; EPO

shock - acute circulatory crisis (hypotension;pale,cool moist sin; confusion & disorientation - no blood to brain; rapid/weak pulse; no urine; brop in blood pH

short term - blood donation, venous reserve(venoconstriction), sympathetic stimulatin (major loss of blood)

distribution of arteries & veins on both sides = identical

vessels may undergo name change

tissues + organs are services by serveral arteries + veins

pulmonary circuit & systemic cicuit

PULMONARY CIRCUIT

r+l pulmonary arteries (deO2 blood)

cappilaries in lungs

pulmonary trunk

r+l pulmonary veins

arterial system
aorta

ascending a (r+l coronary artery)
aortic arch (brachiocephalic - basilar (brain) circle of willis, right subclavian
thoracic a
abdominal a (branches into common iliac arteries; celiac trunk, superior mesentric, renal arteries, inferior mesentric)

common iliac arteries - external iliac

systemic circuit - vessels that carry blood from the heart to body cells and back to heart

femoral

arterial 🚩

venous

2 brachiocephalic veins

hepatic vein (portal)

jugular veins (head)

gastric vein

mesenteric v

sphenic v

longest vein in body - great sphenous vein

increase BP (cause vasoconstriction)

decrease bp

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - posterios pituitary gland, increases reabsorption of water by the kidneys (DCT) direct increase in blood vol

angiotension - renin released from kidneys; four diff targets, secretion of aldosterone, adh, and stimulate cardiac output; increases peripheral resistance

erythropoietin - RBC production

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide - increases Na+ and h2o reabsorption in the kidneys

epinephrine & norepinephrine - increases CO

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

histamine - vasodilation; plays h=key role in inflammation

embryonic lungs are collapsed, digestive tract has no food

fetal circulation in the heart and great vessels

placental blood supply

umbilical arteries - rise from internal iliac a

placenta - exchange of nutrients

umbilical vein - liver, ductus venosus (inferior vena cava)

foramen ovale - one way valve thru interatrial septum

ductus arteriosus (pulmonary and aortic trunks)

circulatory changes at birth

foramen ovale closes, ductus arteriosus becomes ligamentum arteriosum

13.9 - aging affects the blood, heart and blood vessels

heart

blood vessels

blood

decreased hematocrit (RBC); constriction/ blockage (thrombus of embolism); pooling of blood (ales not working)

reduce CO, changes in nodal/ conduction cells, reduced elasticity of fibrous skeleton, atherosclerosis, scar tissue

inelastice walls (aneurism, stroke, MI, masssive blood loss); calcium deposits; thrombi can form at the atherosclerotic plaues

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pulmonary a is a branch of pulmonary trunk

in response to hemorrhage there is mobilization of the venous reserve

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has decreased posterior pituitary - decreased blood vol

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the blood hydrostatice pressure and the blood osmotic pressure are equal in magnitude but in opp direction would completely stop all NET filtration

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plasma proteins that remain in the blood capillaries maintain osmotic pressure of b

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normal pressure 20-30 mmHg

increase blood flow to kidneys

celiac artery provides blood to liver and spleen

superior mesentric a supplies blood to parts of intestinal tract

internal carotid supplies blood to brain

external jugular veil returns bllood from face to heart

circle of willis (anastomosis) interconnect carotids and basilar artery

small veins of the brain empty into to dural sinuses