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Endocrine Organs (Pineal gland (Melatonin (Light impulse inhibits…

- - - - Chief cells
      - Large deeply infolded nucleus
      - lipid droplets in cytoplasm
- - - - Gonadal steroids
      - Adrenocortical steroids
    - - Prostaglandins
      - Prostacyclins
      - Catecholamines
        
        Epinephrine
        
        Norepinephrine
      - Leukotrienes
      - Thyroid hormones
    - - Luteinizing hormone (LH)
      - Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
      - Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
      - Oxytocin
      - Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
      - Interleukins
      - Growth hormone (GH)
      - Glucagon
      - Various growth factors
      - Insulin
- - - - Glucocorticoids
        
        Corticosterone
        
        Cortisol (major)
      - Gonadocorticoids
        
        Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
        
        Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS)
        
        Androstenedione
      - Mineralocorticoids
        
        Aldosterone
    - - Norepinephrine
      - Epinephrine
  - - - large and polyhedral cells
      - Long straight cords, separated by sinusoidal capillaries
      - 80% cortical volume
    - - 5-7% cortical volume
      - Arranged anastomosing cords, separated by fenestrated capillaries
    - - Closely packed ovoid clusters
      - small and columnar or pyramidal cells
      - 15% cortical volume
  - - - Modified neurons
      - Lacking axonal process
      - Pale-stained epithelioid cells
    - - Large polygonal cells
      - Located closely to adrenomedullary vein
- - - - Small, polygonal cells with centrally located nucleus
      - Synthesis, storage and secretion of PTH
      - Major type of parenchymal cells
    - - Round, larger than principle cells
      - Acidophilic cytoplasm
      - Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP)
- - - - Embryologic origin
        
        Ectoderm of the oropharynx
        
        Rathke's pouch
      - Composition
        
        Pars distalis
        
        Lactotropes (PRL cells, mammotropes)
        
        Corticotropes (ACTH cells)
        
        Somatotropes (GH cells)
        
        Gonadotropes (FSH, LH cells)
        
        Thyrotropes (TSH cells)
        
        Follicular stellate cells
        
        Star-like
        
        Form cell clusters or small follicles
        
        Do not produce hormones
        
        Interconnected with connexin-43
        
        Pars intermedia
        
        Small cystic cavities
        
        Parenchymal cells
        
        Lining on the colloid follicles
        
        Derived from folliculo-stellate cells or hormone secreting cells
        
        Function unclear
        
        Pars tuberalis
      - Tropic hormones
        
        ACTH
        
        Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
        
        FSH
        
        LH
    - - Embryologic origin
        
        Neuroectoderm of the floor fo the third ventricle (diencephalon)
      - Composition
        
        Pars nervosa
        
        Herring bodies
        
        Infundibulum
        
        Forms hypothalamohypophyseal tracts
        
        Continuous with median eminence
        
        Highly vascular region
      - Hormones
        
        Oxytocin
        
        ADH
  - - - Arise from internal carotid arteries
      - Supply
        
        Pars tuberalis
        
        Median eminence
        
        Infundibulum
    - - Arise from internal carotid arteries
      - Supply pars nervosa
- - - - Enzymes
      - Glycoproteins
      - Thyroglobulin
        
        Inactive storage form of hormone
    - - Follicular cells (Principle cells)
        
        Lipid droplets and PAS-positive droplets
        
        Both secretory and absorptive cell morphology
        
        Slightly basophilic
        
        Produces T3 (Triiodothyronine), T4 (Tetraiodothyronine)
        
        Regulate cell and tissue metabolism, heat production
        
        Influence body growth and development
        
        Regulated by TSH from anterior pituitary
      - Parafollicular cells (C cells)
        
        No exposure to the follicle lumen
        
        Secrete calcitonin (thyrocalcitonin)
        
        Antagonist to parathyroid hormone (PTH)
        
        Suppressing osteoclasts
        
        Regulated by blood calcium levels
        
        Located in the periphery of epithelium