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Theories of Personality (Psychoanalysis (Psychosexual stages = five stages…
Theories of Personality
Personality= the unique and relatively stable ways in which people think, feel, and behave
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Psychoanalysis
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Unconscious mind: level in which thoughts, feelings, memories, and other information that are not easily or voluntarily brought into consciousness are kept
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Ego= Mostly conscious, rational, and logical
Reality principle= the satisfaction of the demands of the id only when negative consequences will not result
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Psychological defense mechanisms = unconscious distortions of a person’s perception of reality that reduce stress and anxiety
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Psychosexual stages = five stages of personality development proposed by Freud and tied to the sexual development of the child
Fixation= if the person does not fully resolve the conflict in a particular psychosexual stage, it will result in personality traits and behaviors associated with that earlier stage
Oral stage (first 18 months)=Erogenous zone: mouth,Primary conflict: weaning,Dominated by the id
Anal stage (18 to 36 months)=Erogenous zone: anus,Primary conflict: toilet training
Anal expulsive personality = a person fixated in the anal stage who is messy, destructive, and hostile
Anal retentive personality = a person fixated in the anal stage who is neat, fussy, stingy, and stubborn
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Phallic stage (3 to 6 years)=Erogenous zone: genitals,Child aware of sex differences,Primary conflict: awakening of sexual feelings and sexual curiosity,Superego develops
Oedipus complex = situation occurring in phallic stage in which a boy develops a sexual attraction to his mother and jealousy of his father
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Latency stage (6 years to puberty)=Libido is dormant,Child develops in other ways
Genital stage (puberty on)=Sexual feelings reawaken with appropriate targets,Begins with adolescent sexual experimentation,Resolves with monogamous relationship
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Social cognitive view = learning theory that includes cognitive processes such as anticipating, judging, memory, and imitation of models
Albert Bandura
Reciprocal determinism = explanation of how the factors of environment, personal characteristics, and behavior can interact to determine future behavior
Self-efficacy= an individual’s perception of how effective a behavior will be in any particular circumstance
Julian Rotter
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Expectancy= a person’s subjective feeling that a particular behavior will lead to a reinforcing consequence
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Humanistic perspective = focuses on aspects of personality that make people uniquely human, such as subjective feelings and freedom of choice
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Carl Rogers
Real self: actual characteristics, traits, and abilities
Positive regard = warmth, affection, love and respect that come from significant others in one’s life
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Fully functioning person = a person who is in touch with and trusting of the deepest, innermost urges and feelings
Trait theories = theories that endeavor to describe the characteristics that make up human personality in an effort to predict future behavior
Trait= a consistent, enduring way of thinking, feeling, or behaving
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Raymond Cattell
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Source traits = the more basic traits that underlie the surface traits, forming the core of personality
Five-factor model (Big Five) = model of personality traits that describes five basic trait dimensions
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Personality Assessments
Interview= personality assessment in which professional asks questions of the client and allows client to answer
Personality Inventory = paper-and-pencil or computerized test that consists of statements that require a specific, standardized response from the person taking test
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Projective tests = personality assessments that present ambiguous visual stimuli to the client and ask the client to respond with whatever comes to mind
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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT): projective test that uses twenty pictures of people in ambiguous situations as the visual stimuli