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Flowers and Reproduction (Sexual Reproduction (The Plant Life Cycle…

- - - - haploid sex cells
        
        sperms
        
        eggs
    - - grows to become a new individual that is diploid and resembles its parents
    - - Sporophyte
        
        always diploid, like most adult animals, and they have organs with cells capable of undergoing meiosis
    - - haploid gametes produced by plants
    - - Gametes forming with other gametes, ultimately producing diploid zygote
    - - plant spores cannot undergo syngamy so instead undergoes mitosis and grows into an entire new haploid plant
    - - small sperm cells that swim
    - - large eggs that do not swim
    - - male oogamous plants that produce sperm
    - - female oogamous plants that produce eggs
    - - grown from microgametophytes
    - - grown from megagametophytes
    - - a life cycle with two generations sporophytes and gametophytes
    - - gametophytes do not resemble sporophytes at all
  - - - the stalk of a flower
    - - very end of the axis, where the other flower parts are attached
    - - most flowers all have appendages sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels making a complete flower
    - - a flower that lacks 1 or 2 of the basic floral appendages
  - - - lower and outermost of the four floral appendages
  - - - sepals and petals together
  - - - above the petals, known collectively as the androecium
    - - the stalk
    - - where pollen is produced
    - - once enlarged then underwent meiosis each producing four microspores
    - - microspores that initially were in a tetrad, but separate, expand to a characteristic shape, and form a resistant wall
  - - - catches pollen grains
    - - elevates the stigma to a useful position
    - - megaspores are produced
    - - inside the ovary, also a region of tissue that bear small structures call ovules
    - - central mass of parenchyma in the ovule
    - - nucellus cells, usually only one in each ovule enlarge in preparation for meiosis
  - - - vegatative cell
        
        large microspore that divides mitotically
      - generative cell
        
        pollen grains of seed plants, the cell that gives rise directly to the sperm cell
      - pollen tube
        
        germinated stigma after pollen grain has landed on it, penetrates into the loose, open tissues of the stigma
    - - embryo sac
        
        technical term for multinucleate megagametophyte
      - central cell
        
        the cell that contains two nuclei and develops into endosperm after fertilization
      - polar nuclei
        
        the two nuclei of the central cell of the megagametophyte in a flowering plant , after fertilization, they become the endosperm nucleus
      - antipodal cells
        
        one of several cells in the angiosperm megagametophy located opposite the egg cell and the synergids
      - egg aparatus
        
        a name for the egg cell and the one or two adjacent synergids in an angiosperm megagametophyte
      - synergids
        
        in the egg apparatus of an angiosperm megagametophyte, there is an egg and one or two adjacent cells synergids
  - - - fusion of the protoplasts of the gametes
    - - fusion of the nuclei
    - - triploid, nucleus that contains 3 full sets of genes
    - - both sperm nuclei undergo fusions- one with the egg nucleus and the other with the polar nuclei
    - - both coenocytic and cellular tissue, nourishes the development of the zygote
  - - - the stalk of cells that pushes the embryo into the endosperm
    - - end of the embryo farther from the suspensor initiates two primordia thatthat grow into two cotyledons in basal angiosperms and eudicots
    - - embryonic root
    - - embryonic stem
    - - the root/shoot junction
    - - a mature seed in which endiosperm is rather abundant
    - - the endosperm is sparse or absent at maturity
    - - integuments that surround the nucellus expand and mature
  - - - as the ovule develops into a seed, the ovary matures
    - - outer laye- skin or peel
    - - flesh, or middle layer
    - - innermost layer, tough like stones or pit of a cherry or it may be thin
    - - entire fruit wall, wheter composed of one, two, or all three layers
- - - - the pollination of a carpel by pollen from a different individual
    - - pollination of a carpel by pollen from the same flower or another flower on the same plant
  - - - chemical reactions between pollen and carpels that prevent pollen growth
    - - flowers that lack either or both essential organs
    - - flower has both essential organs
    - - flowers that produce only staminate flowers or only carpellate flowers
    - - condition of having staminate flowers located on the same plant as carpellate flowers
    - - species of monoecy plants that include cattail and corn
  - - - latter two organs that produce the critically important spore
  - - - a flower becoming adapted for visitation by a particular insect and the insect for efficient exploitation of the flower
    - - synonym for regular flowers
    - - flowers and pollinators hace coevolved in such a way that the flowers are now also bilaterally symmetrical
  - - - an ovary located below the sepals, petals, and stamens
    - - other parts of the ovary
    - - common arrangement in which no fusion to the ovary occurs and the ovary is obviously above the other flower parts
    - - intermediate partially buried ovaries with peringynous flower parts
- - - - refers to fruit containing only ovarian tissue
    - - used if any nonovarian tissue is present
    - - most common kind of fruit
    - - separate carpels of one gynoecium fuse during development
    - - during the devlopment all of the individual fruits of an inflorescence fuse into one fruit
  - - - are those that are eaten during the natural seed distribution process
    - - one that is not typically eaten by the natural seed- distributing animals
    - - break open and release seeds
    - - do not break open