Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

THEORIES OF PERSONALITY (psychoanalysis (STAGES (Phallic stage (3 to 6…

- - - - Most important factor in human behavior and personality
- - - - unconscious distortions of a person’s perception of reality that reduce stress and anxiety
      - Mainly studied by Anna Freud (Freud’s daughter)
      - Descriptions of defense mechanisms have more or less held up over time
      - Psychoanalytic explanation is all about conflict between id, ego, and superego
        
        Defense mechanisms are how the ego manages that conflict
  - - - five stages of personality development proposed by Freud and tied to the sexual development of the child
      - Each stage associated with an erogenous zone
      - Fixation= if the person does not fully resolve the conflict in a particular psychosexual stage, it will result in personality traits and behaviors associated with that earlier stage
      - The stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
  - - - Principle by which the id functions
  - - - Develops out of a need to deal with reality
  - - - Erogenous zone: mouth
      - Primary conflict: weaning
      - Dominated by the id
    - - Erogenous zone: anus
      - Primary conflict: toilet training
        
        Anal expulsive personality = a person fixated in the anal stage
        
        Anal retentive personality = a person fixated in the anal stage who is neat, fussy, stingy, and stubborn
    - - Erogenous zone: genitals
        
        Child discovers sexual feelings
      - Child aware of sex differences
        
        Castration anxiety in boys
        
        Penis envy in girls
      - Primary conflict: awakening of sexual feelings and sexual curiosity
        
        Oedipus complex = situation occurring in phallic stage in which a boy develops a sexual attraction to his mother and jealousy of his father
        
        Electra complex = a similar process for girls
        
        Conflict resolves by identification with same-sex parent
      - Superego develops
    - - Libido is dormant
        
        Libido= instinctual energy that may come into conflict with demands of a society’s standards for behavior
        
        Sexual feelings are repressed, sometimes sublimated
      - Child develops in other ways
        
        Acquiring new skills or knowledge
      - Genital stage (puberty on)
        
        Sexual feelings reawaken with appropriate targets
        
        Begins with adolescent sexual experimentation
        
        Resolves with monogamous relationship
        
        PIV sex believed to be proper outlet for sexual instinct
- - - - Self-concept= the image of oneself that develops from interactions with significant people in one’s life
- - - - Not the same as self-esteem
  - - - People want to seek reinforcement and avoid punishment
    - - Expectancy= a person’s subjective feeling that a particular behavior will lead to a reinforcing consequence
      - Reinforcement value = a person’s preference for a reinforcer
  - - - Unconditional positive regard: given without conditions or strings attached
      - Conditional positive regard: given only when person doing what providers of positive regard wish
      - Fully functioning person = a person who is in touch with and trusting of the deepest, innermost urges and feelings
  - - - No evidence for this at the time
      - Some support now from behavioral geneticists
  - - - Surface traits = aspects of personality that can be easily seen by other people in outward actions
      - Source traits = the more basic traits that underlie the surface traits, forming the core of personality
      - Five-factor model (Big Five) = model of personality traits that describes five basic trait dimensions (OCEAN)
        
        OPENNESS
        
        HIGH = CREATIVE
        
        LOW = DOWN TO EARTH
        
        CONSCIENTIOUSNESS
        
        HIGH = RELIABLE
        
        LOW= UNRELIABLE
        
        EXTRAVERSION
        
        HIGH = OPTOMISITC
        
        LOW = RESERVED
        
        AGREEABLNESS
        
        HIGH = GOOD NATURED
        
        LOW = AGGRESSIVE, UNCOOPERATIVE
        
        NEUROTICISIM
        
        HIGH = ANXIOUS, WORRYING
        
        LOW = CALM, STABLE