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Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) (Parasympathetic (Active when the body is…
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
The ANS is a sub-division of the Motor (efferent) division of the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
It's responsible for the motor innervation of smooth and cardiac muscles, and glands.
On the other side of the Motor PNS is the Somatic Nervous System (SNS)
It's responsible for the motor innervation of skeletal muscle
Parasympathetic
Active when the body is not experiencing excitement, embarrassment, exercise, or an emergency
AKA: "Rest & Digest"
Site of origin: Cranial and sacral regions of the spinal cord (gray matter
2 neurons are involved in the pathway
Longer preganglionic cell bodies; short postganglionic cell bodies
Effector: Cardiac muscles and glands.
Both 1st and 2nd neurotransmitters are norepinephrine
Sympathetic
Active when the body is experiencing embarrassment, exercise, excitement, or an emergency
Site of origin: Thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord (gray matter).
2 neurons are involved in the pathway
Shorter preganglionic cell bodies; longer post ganglionic cell bodies
Effector: organs & tissues
1st neurotransmitter is Acetylcholine (Ach) & the 2nd is norepinephrine
Effects on the body
Sympathetic
Stimulates: eye (pupils dilate), skin, lungs (dilate airways), heart, liver, adrenal gland, and genitals (ejaculation).
Inhibits: Salivary glands, stomach, pancreas, gall bladder, and bladder
The adrenal medulla cells have special neurons which release epinephrine and norepinephrine into to the bloodstream to enhance the overall sympathetic effect.
Parasympathetic
Stimulates: eye (pupils constrict), salivary glands, stomach, pancreas, gall bladder, bladder, and genitals (erections)
Inhibits: Heart and lungs (constricts airways)
Little to no effect on blood vessels, sweat glands, arrector pili muscles, and adrenal medulla.